Download - Overview of game research public
![Page 1: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Overview of:Game research
Rikke Toft Nørgård, Ph.D.Centre for Teaching Development
and Digital Media
![Page 2: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Research on:
Games Gameplayers Gameplay
Game research
![Page 3: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Game-objects
Game-subjects
Game-activiti
es
3 Main areas
![Page 4: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
1. Game-objects
The farm of game
research on games
Games as textual media
Games as systems or simulationa
l media
Games as narrative
media
Games as visual media
![Page 5: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
2. Game-subjects
The farm of game
research on gameplayers
Gameplayers as
voyeurs
Gameplayers as
thinkers
Gameplayers as
situated selves
Gameplayers as social or cultural
selves
Gameplayers as
avatars
![Page 6: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
3. Game-activities
The farm of game research
on gameplay
Gameplay as digital
transportation
Gameplay as dramaturgic performance
Gameplay as cognitive
transmission and
transference
Gameplay as perceptual
differentiation
![Page 7: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The ontology of games
What is a game?
The object-oriented side of the area
Game-objects
![Page 8: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bejeweled 2: Action
http://www.popcap.com/games/bejeweled2/online?mid=bejeweled2_pcweb_en_full
Trying a game-object
![Page 9: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Field 1: Games as textual media
![Page 10: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
“The text I construct as I read Tomb Raider or
Half-Life belongs only to me, and to me alone, in effect, ‘I wrought the urn’. No other player or reader reads or writes the same text. It is unique. It is an original. Every one of us is an author, every one of us is an artist. There is something truly radical here, something significantly novel, something that demands that we rethink the ways in which we view the artwork, and our relationship with the individual work of art.” (Atkins, 2003, p. 153)
Field 1: Games as textual media
![Page 11: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
“Are games texts? The best reason I can think of
why one would ask such a crude question is because one is a literary or semiotic theorist and wants to believe in the relevance of one’s training.”
(Aarseth, 2004, p. 47).
Field 1: Games as textual media
![Page 12: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Field 2: Games as systems or
simulational media
![Page 13: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
“As a formalist discipline, it [game research] should
focus on the understanding of [games] structure and elements – particularly its rules – as well as creating typologies and models for explaining the mechanics of games” (Frasca, 2003, p. 222).
“The computer game is the art of simulation.” (Aarseth, 2003, p. 52)
“…it is clear that the game is its rules” (Eskelinen & Tronstad, 2003, p. 214).
Field 2: Games as systems or
simulational media
![Page 14: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
“As a formalist discipline, it [game research] should
focus on the understanding of [games] structure and elements – particularly its rules – as well as creating typologies and models for explaining the mechanics of games” (Frasca, 2003, p. 222).
“The computer game is the art of simulation.” (Aarseth, 2003, p. 52)
“…it is clear that the game is its rules” (Eskelinen & Tronstad, 2003, p. 214).
Field 2: Games as systems or
simulational media
![Page 15: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Field 2: Games as systems or
simulational media
![Page 16: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Field 2: Games as systems or
simulational media
![Page 17: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Field 3: Games as narrative media
![Page 18: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
It does not make much narrative sense to
knock down rows of colored blocks if the behavior of those blocks has no connection to your presence in the gameworld. Once you identify those colored blocks as a force field designed by the forces of evil to stop your advance through the universe, you are much more motivated to enter into a conflict with them. Your action becomes meaningful within the narrative frame of the game.
(Salen & Zimmerman, 2004, p. 387)
Field 3: Games as narrative media
![Page 19: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Field 3: Games as narrative media
![Page 20: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Field 4: Games as visual media
![Page 21: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
“In fact, the distinction between the more
hypermediated and the more transparent games often turns on whether the primary remediation is television or film” (Bolter & Grusin, 2000, p. 91)
“Video games remediate cinema; that is, they demonstrate the propensity of emerging media forms to pattern themselves on the characteristic behaviors and tendencies of their predecessors”
(Rehak, 2003, p. 104)
Field 4: Games as visual media
![Page 22: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Field 4: Games as visual media
![Page 23: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Field 5: Games as presentation
![Page 24: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Field 5: Games as presentation
![Page 25: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
1. Game-objects
The farm of game
research on games
Games as textual media
Games as systems or simulationa
l media
Games as narrative
media
Games as visual media
![Page 26: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The anthropology of games
What is a gameplayer?
The subject-oriented side of the area
Game-subjects
![Page 27: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Power Pamplona
http://www.fungamesarena.com/power-pamplona.html
Being a game-subject
![Page 28: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Field 6: Gameplayers as voyeurs
![Page 29: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Field 6: Gameplayers as voyeurs
Spectatorship is clearly central to the form. As we play we watch ourselves play […] Thus it is more accurate or at least more inclusive, to speak of the avatarial relation: a “structure of seeing” in which the subject, acting on its desire to see itself as other, pursues its reflection in the imaginary like a cat chasing its tail. (Rehak, 2003, pp. 118-119)
“Since our actions are visible on a television or computer screen, it is where we actually act […] Today, the mirror is replaced with the screen” (Filiciak, 2003, p. 100).
![Page 30: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Field 7: Gameplayers as thinkers
![Page 31: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Field 7: Gameplayers as thinkers
“Recent studies indicate that the intellectual activities that constitute successful gameplay are nontrivial, including the construction of new identities, collaborative problem solving, literacy practices that exceed our national standards, systemic thinking, and, as one might expect, computer literacy.” (Steinkuehler & Duncan, 2008, p. 532)
”Good Game designers are practical theoreticians of learning, since what makes games deep is that players are exercising their learning muscles” (Gee, 2005, p. 5).
![Page 32: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Field 8: Gameplayers as situated selves
![Page 33: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Field 8: Gameplayers as situated selves
“The Internet has become a significant social laboratory for experimenting with the constructions and reconstructions of self that characterize postmodern life, we self-fashion and self-create”(Turkle, 1997, p. 180)
“the exciting, daunting task of looking at how the online body (typically conceived of as a decidedly non-digital thing) is produced, constructed, and experienced.”
(T. L. Taylor, 1999, p. 438) “The virtual identity thus becomes one of many ‘selves’
included in the user’s identity” (Filiciak, 2003, p. 92) and “people play games eagerly to be able to shift their identities” (Filiciak, 2003, p. 98).
![Page 34: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Field 9: Gameplayers as members
![Page 35: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
“Ultimately, if the gamers I played with
wanted to succeed in their endgame or stage two endeavors, the importance of social networks and social capital far outweighed game-content knowledge.” (Chen, 2009, unpaged)
“Expertise development within WoW, then, is tied inextricably to a player’s ability to learn social skills.” (Chen, 2009, unpaged).
Field 9: Gameplayers as members
![Page 36: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Field 10: Gameplayers as
avatars
![Page 37: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Field 10: Gameplayers as
avatars “When I play I am more my own avatar than the
person sitting by the console/computer.” (Filiciak, 2003, p. 92)
“Since our actions are visible on a television or computer screen, it is here we actually act” (Filiciak, 2003, p. 100).
“The player undergoes a process of identification, with the avatar becoming a projection or imagination of the self” (Hutchinson, 2007, p. 288)
“We create avatars to leave our bodies behind” (Rehak, 2003, p. 123).
![Page 38: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Field 11: Gameplayers as
craftsmen
![Page 39: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
2. Game-subjects
The farm of game
research on gameplayers
Gameplayers as
voyeurs
Gameplayers as
thinkers
Gameplayers as
situated selves
Gameplayers as social or cultural
selves
Gameplayers as
avatars
![Page 40: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
The phenomenology of games
What is a gameplay activity/experience?
The interaction-oriented side of the area
Game-activities
![Page 41: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Flash Mario Bros
http://www.mariogames.zuhu.com/playgame/1914/Flash_Mario_Bros/
Being in gameplay
![Page 42: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Field 12: Gameplay as digital
transportation
![Page 43: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Field 13: Gameplay as dramaturgic performance
![Page 44: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Field 14: Gameplay as cognitive transmission
and transference
![Page 45: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Field 15: Gameplay as perceptual differentiation
![Page 46: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Field 16: Gameplay as corporeal locomotion
![Page 47: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
3. Game-activities
The farm of game research
on gameplay
Gameplay as digital
transportation
Gameplay as dramaturgic performance
Gameplay as cognitive
transmission and
transference
Gameplay as perceptual
differentiation
![Page 48: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Research areas and fields
Game research Gameplayer research
Gameplay research
Games as textual media Gameplayers as voyeurs Gameplay as digital transportation
Games as systems / simulational media
Gameplayers as thinkers Gameplay as dramaturgic performance
Games as narrative media Gameplayers as communicators
Gameplay as cognitive transmission/transference
Games as visual media Gameplayers as situated selves
Gameplay as cyborgian extension
Games as representational media
Gameplayers as members Gameplay as perceptual differentation
Gameplayers as avatars
Games as presentation of
corporeal-locomotive designs?
Gameplayers as corporeal-locomotive craftsmen?
Gameplay as corporeal-
locomotive activity and experience?
![Page 50: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
New concepts
![Page 51: Overview of game research public](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070321/558d20bdd8b42a3f0a8b45e1/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Homework for Monday 11th
Read the literature+
Please write down your first ideas for your final project.Even if you have not decided yet, you have probably an idea about the subject, the approach and, quite important, the people you wish to work with. All these element can still change, you are not committing yourself (yet).But I would like to have a look at your drafts before the evening of Friday 8th, 22.00.
Next time we will devote some of the time on discussion on projects.
Please ask questions on G+ or send an email if you are in doubt.(I am at a conference, I might not answer quickly)