Download - Ottoman (& safavid) empire 1450 1750
1450 – 1750Janet Pareja, Signature School, Evansville, IN
Islamic Empires to 1600
Ottoman 1289-1923
Safavid
Mughal
1526 - 1857
1501-1722
1453 - Conquest of Constantinople
“Istanbul”
Islam in Abundance
Commercial Center
Capital
“Better the Sultan’s Turban than the Cardinal’s Hat...”
means
1. Ottoman Empire
Osman Bey
“GHAZI” Ideal of the
religious warrior
1289-1923
Several Ghazi States replaced the Seljuk Turks
Seljuk Turks took Constantinople, then fell to the Mongols. Ottomans replaced the Mongols in Turkey.
-Athens -Belgrade, Hungary,
-Egypt -Battled Portugal -Baghdad in Indian Ocean
-Persian Gulf - Siege of Vienna
1453
Mehmet IIConstantinople becomes “Istanbul”
Period Of Growth: 130 Years
1583
1520-1566
Suleiman The Magnificent
Genoese
Greeks
Portuguese
Venetians
“Golden Age”Suleiman the Magnificent1520-1566
“Slave of God, powerful with the power of God, deputy of God on earth, obeying the commands of the Qur'an and enforcing them throughout the world, master of all lands, the shadow of God over all nations, Sultan of Sultans in all the lands of Persians and Arabs, the propagator of Sultanic laws, the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Khans, Sultan, son of Sultan, Suleiman Khan.”
“Slave of God, master of the world, I am Suleiman and my name is read in all the prayers in all the cities of Islam. I am the Shah of Baghdad and Iraq, Caesar of all the lands of Rome, and the Sultan of Egypt. I seized the Hungarian crown and gave it to the least of my slaves.”
Ruler of the Two Seas
Ruler of the Two Lands
“Sultan of Rome”
Suleiman’s Vision:European Expansion threatened Islam:
Faith, Trade, Territory!
“Caliph of Islam” (unofficial)
Took over lands of Muslim rulers whom he considered weak rulers or religiously unorthodox. ie: Arabia
Destabilized Europe / Holy Roman Empire: Financial support to Protestant Countries Helped other Muslim states - against Europeans
in Africa, along borders of Russia.Ghazi Suleiman
Lawgiver Codified Ottoman Law:
Sharia + Other circumstances outside of Sharia
In Turkic & Mongol culture He who provided the law was THE Supreme Ruler.
Suleiman the BuilderBeautified
Istanbul: Centerpiece of Islamic Civilization!
Suleiman Mosque
Patron of the ARTS
Istanbul - artistic center of Ottoman Empire
MusicWriting
Suleiman wrote poetry! Love, Religious (Ghazals),
Visual art: PERSIAN MINIATURES
My Name is Red, by Orhan Pamuk
Ottoman Culture Multi-Ethnic, Multi-Lingual, Multi-Cultural…
How to Build Cultural Unity? Minimized European cultural influence
Printing Press allowed c. 1750 – only for Christians
Allowed western doctors, however – fad – no more effective
Did accept western military technology, however…
Arabs, N. Africans, Moors, Egyptians, Persians, Turkic speakers includingMongols
Turkic languages,Arabic,Swahili, Uzbek…
City dwellers, Long distance merchants,Nomads, Educated & Not, Great wealth & poverty
Religion in Ottoman Empire
Islam
Christianity
Judaism
Zoroastrianism
(Parsis)
Others
People of the Book
JIZYA was a per capita tax levied on a section of an
Islamic state’s non-Muslim citizens. The tax is and was to
be levied on able-bodied adult males of military age
and buying power.
From the point of view of the Muslim rulers, jizya was a
material proof of the non-Muslims' acceptance of
subjection to the state and its laws, "just as for the
inhabitants it was a concrete continuation of the taxes
paid to earlier regimes.“
In return, non-Muslim citizens were permitted to practice
their faith, to enjoy a measure of communal autonomy, to
be entitled to the Muslim state's protection from outside
aggression, and to be exempted from military service and
the zakat taxes obligatory for Muslim citizens.
Ottoman Jizya abolished – 1855.
Devshirme (Turkish for “gathering”)
Human Taxation
Christian Boys
Mostly from Balkans
& “Slavic” lands
DevshirmeSpecial training: Learn to speak Turkish Convert to Islam Bureaucrats OR Janissaries No marriage, no other career –
“Slaves” of the Sultan 15th to 17th century: 200-300,000
JANISSARIES Best & strongest, lived life of luxury in the
spotlight, respected & honored. Esprit de corps. Total loyalty to sultan. Immediate & brutal
punishment for disobedience. Newest military technology, like
gunpowder weapons. Could rise in ranks to officer, and even to
grand Vizier!
WHY Janissaries?
Fast-growing empire -need LOTS of loyal soldiers & civil servants FAST: Draft.
Designed to avoid creation of a hereditary aristocracy that could threaten the position of the Sultan & heirs.
TOTAL devotion to Janissaries and service to Sultan.
Strike fear into hearts of opponents. (Like the Persian Empire’s Immortals.)
Mustafa Kemal, “Ataturk,” In traditional Janissary Uniform.
Military emphasis shifted from well-trained mounted men with swords gunpowder technology
Cannons to attack or defend city walls: Movable, stationary, ship-mounted.
Handguns
Land Trade/ Silk Road losing Profitability: - Dangerous nomadic tribes after end of
Pax Mongolica
Sea trade – Profitable, but not Luxuries
anymore: regional spices, wheat & lumber
1. Agriculture became central to Economy.2. Long Distance Land Trade greatly
decreased, but some regional sea trade remained.
3. NO MANUFACTURING developed. WHY???Tradition!
What is a harem?
Symphony 63, C Maj, Roxelane - By Franz Joseph Haydn.
Began with Roxelane -Wife of Suleiman
Power of women in the Ottoman Empire.
Harem“Private Domain”- Trained & educated in
reading, the Koran, sewing, music, conversational arts.
- Influential in Ottoman politics & society
- Wives & female relatives of Sultan.
- Concubines – often slave origin, non-Muslim
- Status from giving birth to sons.
Harem Rooms at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul
“The Sultanate of Women”
All three Islamic empires:
Political & Military advisors
Brought support of their families to the Sultan
Mothers of Future Rulers
Example of Chenghis Khan: Mother & first wife with privileges & authority
Shah Ismail (r. 1501-1524)
Conquered Iranian Plateau
Unified Persia
1502-1509
“Imposed on” / “Brought to” Sunni population
12 infallible imams, after Mohammed, beginning with Ali. The twelfth, or “hidden imam,” would someday return to take power and spread the true religion.
Quizilbash – “red heads” hats – believed invincible when in battle with Ismail.
Ottomans were Sunnis…who are they today?
Safavids were Shi’a. Who are they today?
…What do YOU think?
2007
Ottomans - Sunni Heavily artillery
Thousands of Janissary w/ firearms
Behind a barrier of carts.
Safavids - Shia Firearms unreliable & unmanly
Preferred Faith in protective charisma of Shah Ismail
Result: Crushing Defeat for Safavids
Ottomans temporarily occupied the Safavid capital.
Intermittent conflict for 200 years.
(r. 1588 – 1629) Moved Capitol to Isfahan from Azerbaijan
Encouraged trade with other nations
Modernized: Bureaucracy & Military
Added “slaves of the royal
household” (janissaries)
Gunpowder.
European assistance &
advisers vs. Ottomans &
Portuguese in Persian Gulf.
Expanded - NW Iran, Caucasus,
Mesopotamia.
Persian Mosque v. Ottoman Mosque
Shah Abbas Receives a Delegation
Decline of Safavids
1722 “Siege of Isfahan” Afghani tribesmen
Blockaded the city Starving inhabitants
Forced the shah to abdicate
Executed thousands of Safavid officials and members of the royal family.