![Page 1: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new
mass medium
![Page 2: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Charles Babbage
“Father of Computing”
logical structure of the modern computer
Cambridge, UK – mathematician and inventor
Made detailed plans in 1800s – for calculating math tables.
![Page 3: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Babbage’s Analytical Engine
Powerful punch-card controlled general purpose calculator
Babbage’s idea never got past the prototype stage; full functioning engine never built
![Page 4: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
“As We May Think”Article in The Atlantic
Monthly, July 1945Authored by
Vannebar Bush, electrical engineer at MIT and U.S. advisor during World War II Introduced concept of a “memex,” a
device that would allow a user to connect different pieces of associated information
![Page 5: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ENIAC
Built in 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania
Had 17,468 electronic vacuum tubes
5,000 additions per second; today’s microprocessor can do 100 million additions per second
First large-scale electronic computer
![Page 6: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sputnik 1957
![Page 7: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Cold War and computing
1958: Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) created under the auspices of the Department of Defense.
ARPA would become the home of ARPAnet, a network of computers funded by the military and designed to allow communication in the event of a nuclear attack.
![Page 8: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
ARPAnet established
1969: First four nodes, or points of access, to the forerunner of the Internet are established (UCLA, UC Santa Barbara, Stanford, University of Utah).
Doug Engelbart
Stanford NodeVint Cerf
UCLA Node
![Page 9: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Ted Nelson
1965: Introduces the principle of hypertext, associating information through “links” into a coherent organization.
back
![Page 10: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vinton G. Cerf
“Father of the Internet” Helped develop TCP/IP protocol in
1970s
![Page 11: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Transmission research1967: Plan for packet switching
presented at technology conference
![Page 12: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The minicomputer
1975: Release of Altair 8800
Yours for the low price of $397
Users had to not only assemble the Altair themselves, but write software for it also.
![Page 13: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Along comes Microsoft
1975: Two young software developers – Bill Gates and Paul Allen write and market a software program for the Altair.
Their version of the BASIC language program for the Altair was a success, and Microsoft Corporation was born.
![Page 14: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Birth of the Apple
1977: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak launch the Apple II, which featured built-in programming, color graphics, and increased memory capacity compared to the Altair.
The Apple II was an almost immediate success, and is credited with being a ground-breaking model for home computers.
![Page 15: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Home computing
1981: IBM launched a personal computer model featuring microprocessor chips from Intel, and MS-DOS operating system from Microsoft.
1984: Apple introduces the Macintosh during the third quarter of the Super Bowl, with a 45-second commercial.
![Page 16: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Tim Berners-Lee 1989: Founds the World
Wide Web initiative for his own use as a researcher at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) – drawing from Bush1991: Specified the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
Also developed URLs (uniform resource locators) and HTTP (hypertext transfer protocol)
![Page 17: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Birth of the browser
1993: Marc Andreessen, an undergraduate student at the University of Illinois, helped create the path-breaking browser Mosaic.
1994: Andreessen co-founded a company, now named Netscape Communications Corporation, with James H. Clark, founder of Silicon Graphics Inc.
![Page 19: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Stage 1:Novelty or Developmental Stage
Rationale Computer network impervious to
attack DOD - ironically, no central authority
Technology Digital Communication Packet Switching Microprocessors
E-mail and bulletin boards
![Page 20: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Digital communication
![Page 21: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Packet switching
![Page 22: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Microprocessor
![Page 23: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Stage 2: Entrepreneurial Develop.
1982: National Science Foundation network
Rapid spread beyond government and academic worlds
Other technological developments Fiber optic cable
![Page 24: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stage 3: Commercialization of Internet as a mass medium
WWW – 1991 and graphic browsers (Mosaic 1993) (Netscape 1994)
1993: multimedia capability on Net Graphics, audio, video, streaming
Rapid growth rateCompanies seek to turn Net users into
consumers through ads and Web sites E-commerce
![Page 26: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
MAPPING THE INTERNET:four major mapping systems
COMMERICAL ISPsWORLD WIDE WEBBROWSERSWEB SEARCH ENGINES and
DIRECTORIESGoogle
![Page 27: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
OWNERSHIP ISSUES ON THE INTERNET
Increasing convergence of owners and players in mass media industries
![Page 28: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Players and companies jockeying for position
Media mega-corporations Computer hardware/software companiesInternet access and service providersPhone and cable TV companiesInternet search engines, portals, and
Web browsersTV networks
![Page 29: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Promises for democracy
Wide accessibility for all citizensDecentralized social networkDevelopment from “bottom-up” rather than
“top-down” Major involvement of amateursMassive sharing and storage of useful
information
![Page 30: ORIGINS of the Information Highway: the evolution of a new mass medium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062422/56813d05550346895da6aaac/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Disadvantages
Increased circulation of “cyberspace litter” (hoaxes, spam, chain e-mails) Rooney remarks
Lack of editorial control for accuracy --> proliferation of misinformation
Concerns about security, child protection, hatemongering
Knowledge gap between users and those without access (stats)