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Origin of Modern Astronomy
Chapter 22
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22.1 Early Astronomy
A. Ancient GreeksAristotle- Earth is round because it casts a curved shadow on the Moon. (Luna eclipse)
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22.1 Early Astronomy
A. Ancient GreeksEratosthenes- measured the earth’s diameter.
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22.1 Early AstronomyA. Ancient Greeks
Hipparchus (2nd century B.C.)Star chart of 850 stars
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22.1 Early AstronomyA. Ancient GreeksGeocentric Model- earth centered and all
objects “orbit” about the earth.Heliocentric Model- Sun centered
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22.1 Early AstronomyA. Ancient GreeksPtolemaic System-PtolemyNeeded “epicycles” to makeplanets “retrograde”
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22.1 Early AstronomyB. Birth of Modern AstronomyNicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)Supported the Heliocentric Model in opposition
of the Church.
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22.1 Early AstronomyB. Birth of Modern AstronomyTycho Brahe (1546-1601)Very precise positions of Mars
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Used Brahe’s information to discover3 planetary laws.
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22.1 Early AstronomyB. Birth of Modern AstronomyKepler’s Planetary Motion Laws1. Move in ellipses. 2. Sweep out equal sectors in equal time.3. Distance from Sun determines period of orbit.
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22.1 Early AstronomyB. Birth of Modern AstronomyGalileo Galilei (1564-1642) Pointed at telescope
toward the stars…..1. 4 satellites about Jupiter2. Planets were discs not pinpoints3. Venus had “phases”4. The Moon was not smooth5. The Sun had “spots”
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22.1 Early AstronomyB. Birth of Modern AstronomySir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Described laws of motion. First-
inertia.Formulated and tested the
Universal Law of GravitationGravity directly proportional to
mass and inversely proportional to square of distance
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthRotation-spin (1 day)Revolution-moves around Sun (1 yr.)Precession-swing about the axis (26 000 yr.)
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthRotationSolar Day-time Sun returns to same
position. About 24 hoursSidereal Day- turn 360o, 23h 56m 4s
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthRevolution
Perihelion- 150 million kmAphelion- 152 million km
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthRevolution
Seasons because of axis tilt
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthPrecession26 000 years
Change of tilt21.5o to 24.5o
41 000 years
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemA. Motions of EarthSolar System moving toward Vega at
20 km/s.
Revolve aboutthe Milky Wayat 250 km/s230 million year
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemB. Earth-Moon SystemPerigee-closestApogee-farthest
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemB. Earth-Moon SystemPhases of the Moon
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemB. Earth-Moon SystemSynodic month- 29 ½ days
(Roman calendar)Sidereal month-27 1/3 days2 more days to make a New Moon Revolves at 27 1/3days. (same side)
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22.2 Earth-Moon-Sun SystemB. Earth-Moon
SystemEclipses
Full Moon-LunaNew Moon- Solar
http://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse.html
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22.3 Earth’s MoonFacts:3475 km diameter3.3x dense as water1/6 G or 150 lbs man=
25 lbs on Moon
A. Lunar Surface: dark lowlands
bright highlands
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar Surface: Craters- impacts by
space debris
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar Surface: Craters- Bright rays
are created by recent impacts.
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar Surface: Highlands:Some mountains are 8
km high.
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar Surface: Maria: basaltic lava
that “bleed out”Rilles- lava flows
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar Surface: Regolith: ignous
rock , beads and dust.
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22.3 Earth’s MoonA. Lunar History Most accepted
model is Mars sized body collided with Earth.