Organization of the Human BodyChapter 1
Visualizing A & P
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Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy Science of body structure and the relationships
among structures Physiology
Science of body function Both are studied together as a unit
Body structures are designed specifically to carry out a specific function
The structural design of a body part determines what kind of function it can perform
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Levels of Organization: Atom to Organism Atoms: building blocks of matter
Ex. hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon Molecules: two or more combined atoms
Perform biochemical functions Cells: building blocks of a living organism
Composed of molecules Tissues: cells that do similar functions together
Ex. muscle tissue, epithelial tissue Organs: tissues that work together to perform a function
together Ex. heart, lungs
Body system: related organs that work together to perform a function Ex. digestive system, nervous system
Organism: made up of all body systems Ex. human being
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Levels of Organization
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Integumentary System Skin, hair, and nails Internal body systems
protection/barrier Outside environment
sensor Body temperature
regulation Metabolic waste
elimination
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Skeletal System
Bones and joints Framework for organs
and body systems Blood cell production Mineral storage site
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Muscular System
Muscles Framework (skeletal
system) movement Force production
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Nervous System
Brain, spinal cord, nerves Rapid internal/external
environmental stimuli sensor
Information processing Communication/
coordination center between body systems
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Endocrine System
Hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, gonads
Coordination of body functions through chemical communication with target organs
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Cardiovascular System
Heart and blood vessels Pumping system for blood
Delivery of oxygen and nutrients to cells
Removal of carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes
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Lymphatic System
Lymph vessels and nodes
Filtration of debris from interstitial fluid
Survey of interstitial fluid for pathogens
Production of pathogen-fighting cells
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Respiratory System Pharynx, trachea,
bronchial passageways, lungs
Ventilation system for oxygen intake and blood carbon dioxide removal
Blood pH maintenance Sound production
(larynx)
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Digestive System Mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
Absorption of nutrients Solid waste elimination
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Urinary System Kidneys, ureters,
bladder, urethra Filtration and
regulation of blood/body fluid ion concentration
Elimination of metabolic wastes
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Reproductive System Male: Testes, seminal
vesicles, prostate, penis Female: Ovaries, uterine
tubes, uterus, vagina Male: Production and
delivery of sperm Female: Production of
eggs, sperm reception, egg fertilization, fetus incubation, and delivery of neonate
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Six Essential Life Processes Metabolism
All chemical processes occurring in the body Responsiveness
Ability to detect and respond to internal and external environmental stimuli
Movement Motion; whole body, organ, cellular, and organelle levels
Growth Increase in body size due to increase in cellular size, quantity, or
surrounding cellular matrix Differentiation
Process of cell specialization of structure and function Reproduction
Production of a new individual New cell formation for growth, repair, replacement
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Essential Life Processes
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Essential Life Processes
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Homeostasis Maintenance of stable conditions within the
body, by responding to changes both inside and outside the body
Two homeostatic control systems Nervous system (fast response)
Sends nerve impulses directly to organs to counterbalance detected changes
Endocrine system (slow response) Secretes chemicals (hormones) into blood; hormones then
travel to organs to counterbalance detected changes
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• Communication, Regulation and Homeostasis
Homeostasis Interactions Animations
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Steady State Steady state
Set of conditions that remains constant over some period of time
Homeostasis maintains steady state; however steady state can be different for different situations Ex. Average heart rate is different during rest vs.
exercise
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Navigating Through the Body Anatomical position
Standard view of the body
Body is standing erect Body is facing the
observer Head level, eyes
forward Feet flat on floor,
directed inward Arms at sides, palms
turned forward
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Directional Terms
Prone - body lying face down Supine - body lying face up Anterior/ventral - face view of body Posterior/dorsal - back view of body
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Anterior and Posterior Views of Body Landmarks
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Major Body Regions
Head Cephalic - skull and face
Neck Cervical - supports head and attaches to trunk
Thoracic Thoracic - chest and back Abdominal - abdomen Pelvic - pelvis and buttock
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Major Body Regions Upper limb
Scapular - shoulder Axillary - armpit Brachial - arm Antebrachial - forearm Carpal - wrist Palmar - palm
Lower limb Gluteal - buttock Thigh - femoral Ankle - tarsal Foot - pedal
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Directional Terms Trunk
Medial - toward the midline Lateral - away from the midline Superior/rostral - toward the head Inferior - away from the head
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Directional Terms
Limbs Proximal - toward the point of attachment or trunk Distal - away from the point of attachment or trunk
Trunk and Limbs Superficial - toward the surface of the body Deep - away from the surface of the body
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Planes
Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that help divide or section the body Sagittal Frontal/coronal Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal Oblique
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Planes
Sagittal Divides into right and left sides Midsagittal
Divides into equal right and left sides; passes through midline of body
Parasagittal Divides into unequal left and right sides
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Planes Frontal/coronal
Divides into anterior and posterior sides Transverse/cross-sectional/horizontal
Divides into superior and inferior sides Oblique
Divides body in a diagonal fashion; at an angle between the transverse and sagittal planes or transverse and frontal planes
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Planes
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Body Cavities Body cavities
Spaces in the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs
Ventral cavity (contains visceral organs) Thoracic cavity
Left and right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum
Abdominopelvic cavity Dorsal cavity (contains brain and spinal cord)
Cranial cavity Vertebral cavity
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Body Cavities
Diaphragm divides abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Viscera Viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, such as the lungs, heart, digestive organs
Serous membrane A double-layered membrane covering the viscera Pleura
Serous membrane of lungs Pericardium
Serous membrane of heart Peritoneum
Serous membrane of abdominopelvic cavity
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Divisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Helps describe location of organs in the cavity more precisely
9 grid region
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Divisions of the Abdominopelvic Cavity
Helps describe location of organs in the cavity more precisely
9 grid region
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End Chapter 1
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