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Or
Everything you’ve ever wanted to know about sexual selection but were afraid to
ask
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Definitions of interactions:
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
The relationship between the variables is multiplicative instead of additive
The effectiveness of one intervention is contingent upon another intervention
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Yes
Yes
No
No
0
5
3
-20
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Yes
Yes
No
No
0
5
10
100
Valium
Alcohol
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Ya Ya Sisterhood
Female
Scorpion King
Male
10
-10
-10
10
Gender
Movie
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Survival of the fittest
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Finding/Harvesting Resources
Avoiding Predators
Avoiding Illness
REPRODUCING!!!
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If other organs such as the stomach and spleen were evolutionarily advantageous, why not the brain?
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Mate Selection
Men – Looking to “spread their seed”
Women – Looking for a mate who will care for children
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Post Hoc Theorizing Game
He who hesitates is lost
Look before you leap
Birds of a feather flock together
Opposites attract
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Nature NurtureVs.
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Identical Twins100%
Fraternal Twins50%
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Adopted Child
Adopted Family
Genetic Family
Shared environment
Shared Genetics
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Heritability Estimates – The proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic variation within a group.
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Heritability Estimates
Intelligence: .70Neuroticism: .55Depression: .44Doing Crosswords: .55Liking Sweets: .65Playing Chess: .62
Assertiveness: .72Smoking: .48Ambition: .54Humility: .42Leadership: .59Time Reading: .43
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However, it is generally accepted that behavior is determined by a nature x nurture interaction
e.g. A person with a genetic predisposition towards alcoholism won’t become an alcoholic if he never takes a sip of liquor
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Heart RateBlood Pressure
Skin ConductanceElectromyography
Cortisol LevelsBreathing RatesTone of Voice
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Polygraphs
Liars feel:
1) Nervous that they’ll get caught
2) Guilty about lying
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Polygraphs
How it works:
1) Tell the truth, get a baseline measure
2) Tell a lie, get a measure of deception
3) Compute the difference between the two
4) Ask real questions, if subject looks more like a liar than a truth-teller, then the subject is lying
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Polygraphs
Problems:1) Questions may be anxiety provoking2) Knowing that if the machine says that
you’re lying you’ll go to jail causes anxiety
3) Not all liars exhibit psychophysiological responses.
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How to trick a polygraph:
Time
Arou sal
Difference
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How to trick a polygraph:
Time
Arou sal Difference
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How polygraphs REALLY work
Criminals get scared by the prospect of being detected, and they confess their crimes!
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Other areas that psychophys can study
EmotionAttitudes
Unconscious Processes
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The Sleep-Wake CycleFree of all time cues, the human day
averages about 25 hoursBody temperature, and hormone levels
follow this cycleRegulated by the hormone melatoninSince we have a ~24 hour cycle, the longer
we stay awake, the less we sleep!
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Giant Sloth: 20 hoursBrown Bat: 19 hoursHouse Cat: 14 hoursJaguar: 10 hoursHuman: 8 hoursElephant: 3 hoursHorse: 2 hours
Average Hours Sleeping per Day
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The Randy Gardner CaseMood Disturbance commonComplex Cognitive tasks unaffectedDull cognitive tasks are difficultLongitudinal partial sleep deprivation
causes more difficulty than short term total sleep deprivation
Microsleeps
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Experimental rats die after several days. Yoked Rats not affected.
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Increasing sleep efficiency after deprivation
Da Vinci’s sleep strategy15 minute nap every 4 hours
Total of 1.5 hours of sleep per dayReplicated by Stampi, (1992) in a lab.
Takes 2 weeks to adjust, during which time...
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1) Evolution may have impacted our behavior, but be wary of post-hoc analysis
2) The nature vs. nurture debate should be viewed as an interaction
3) Psychophysiology can tell us a great deal, but polygraphs are useless.
4) Sleep is good.
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Example for class:
Spanking Children
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