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Optics (2 hrs)
Harry Tom
Waves (EM vs Mechanical)
Geometric Optics
Physical Optics
OSA Discovery Optics Kits
Hands-on Activities
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Nature and Propagation of Light
• Wave-particle nature of Light
– Particle-like (pre-Newton, particles deliver energy from sun, travels in straight
lines)
– Wave-like for propagation (as predicted by Maxwell, light is just another EM
wave)
– Particle-like energy exchange (MODERN: now explained by quantum mechanics)
only discrete quanta of energy can be absorbed or emitted, therefore it must exist in
only discrete energy units.
• Sources:
– Thermal (moving charges radiate EM wave, high T, high v, high f->red hot, white,
blue)
– Fluorescence (energy is absorbed by atom/molecule and reemitted at discrete
energies corresponding to excited states of atom/molecule)
– Laser (coherent addition of radiation from each electron)
• c=2.99792458X108 m/s set as standard, meter is measured relative to c and t
from Cesium clock.
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EM Waves
• All EM waves behave alike
– Wavefronts propagate outward at v=c/n
– Energy travels perpendicular to wavefronts—
outward from source at constant speed
– Intensity (power per unit area) falls as 1/r2
– Waves are polarized
– Interacts with matter in 4 ways
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Spectrum of EM radiation
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EM waves are transverse waves
• EM waves must be polarized perpendicular
to propagation direction
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Polarized Waves and Polarizers
• Unpolarized (equal
probability of waves
with all allowed
polarizations)
• Polarized—well defined
E field direction.
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Polaroid Film Polarizer
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Polarizers
• Crossed Polarizers
• Is light from flashlight polarized?
• Is light from laser polarized?
• Can SaranWrap be a polarizer?
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Four ways light interacts with
matter
• Reflection
• Refraction (transmission into another
medium)
• Scatter
• Absorption
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Reflection and Refraction
• Both observers see the hat.
• Rays reflected from hat are transmitted through glass/refracted through glass to man
• Rays are reflected from hat and then reflected from glass to woman
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Reflection and Refraction
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Flattened sun at sunset
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Total Internal Reflection
• Snell’s Law of refraction:
2
111
2
1
1
211
2
1
1
2
122211
sin1sinfor occurs reflection internal total
sin1sinfor occurs refraction
(air), n2 (water) n1 If
sinsinsinsin
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
nnn
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Prism are used as mirrors using
Total Internal Reflection
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Scatter(Rayleigh)
Blue horizon vs. Red sunset
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Clouds
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Polarization from Scatter
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Ray Model
Properties of Light Rays
• Light travels through a transparent medium in
straight lines (called light rays) at speed v=c/n, n is
index of refraction
• Light rays do not interact with each other (they
pass through each other)
• A light ray continues in straight line unless it has
an interaction with MATTER that causes the ray
to change direction or to be absorbed (energy lost)
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Ray Model
Objects and Ray Diagrams • An object is a source of light rays
• Two types of objects: self-luminous and reflective
• Rays originate from every point on object, sending rays in every direction
• A ray diagram is a simplified picture. Ray diagram only shows a few important rays, but these are not the only rays in the physical situation.
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Light from a point source through
an aperture (shadow)
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Light from a point source through
an aperture (shadow)
• Many light rays come from source
• Only those that can get through aperture
make it to the screen
• We see an “image” of the aperture (and not
of the source—this is equivalent to the
“shadow” of the mask.
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Pinhole Camera
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Pinhole Camera
• Pinhole aperture restricts the bundle of rays from each point to a single ray.
• An image is formed of the object, not of the aperture
• Image can form at any distance
• Size of image is proportional to ratio of distance to object
• If pinhole is too large, the object is blurry, why?
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How the eye “sees”
• A bundle of diverging rays from a point on the object enters the pupil of the eye
• The lens in the eye focuses the bundle of rays to converge or focus on a point on the retina
• A “real image” is formed when rays from an object converge—is sensed at the retina.
• The extended object forms an extended image
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How the eye “sees” distance
• http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scie
nceopticsu/eyeball/index.html
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Reflection from Plane Mirrors
P
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Image from plane mirrors
• Eye sees a virtual
image at P’Q’
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Specular vs Diffuse Reflection
• We “see” most objects
because of diffuse
reflection which are
illuminated by other
sources
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Laws of Reflection and Refraction
• Each wave is both reflected and transmitted through the interface
• Law of reflection, incident=reflected angle
• Law of refraction, Snell’s Law relates
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Penny Underwater
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Fish in an aquarium
• Fish looks bigger in
aquarium than it is,
why?,
• Is it magnified?
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Lenses • Converging (positive
focal length)
• Diverging (negative
focal length)
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Which of these are positive and
negative?
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Use 2 of 3 principal rays to locate
image plane and image size
• Center
• Through far focus
• Through near focus
• What happens to
the image if you
block half the lens?
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Negative Lens
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Ray tracing: using only 3 principal
rays as shorthand
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Far-sighted and Near-sighted are
corrected with spherical lenses
• Which picture is
farsighted and
nearsighted?
• Which kind of corrective
lens do you need in these
cases?
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Under water
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Fish eyeball
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Fish eye
air water
retina
lens
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Magnifiers
• Near Point is 25
cm
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Astigmatism corrected with
cylindrical lens
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Compound Lens Systems
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Compound Microscope
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Telescope
• Keplerian (positive positive)
• Galilean (negative, positive)
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Physical Optics
• Misconceptions: confuse geometric and
wave models of light
– Students treat all apertures as narrow slits
– Don’t understand location of minima in single
slit vs slit width
– Use incorrect hybrid model, geometric for
maxima/center of slit and “edge effect”
interference for sides of slit
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More Misconceptions
• “No light will pass through slit a<lambda”
• “Diffraction occurs for a<lambda, geometric for a>lambda”
• Don’t understand 2 slit interference pattern/ what happens when 1 slit is covered?
• Misinterpret the standard drawing of a wave—literal diagram vs abstract representation
• Misunderstand the standard drawing of 2 slit interference pattern (top view/side view/intensity vs distance are confused)
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Color
• Wavelength X frequency = velocity
• V=c/n
• Frequency is fixed by source
• We are more comfortable with wavelength but refer to “in vacuum”
• Wavelength changes: wavelength= wavelength_vacuum/n
• Red has long wavelength ~630 nm Red, 520 nm green, 480 nm blue
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Additive Color Mixing
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Subtractive Color Mixing
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Color Dispersion by Refraction
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Two (or more) refractive paths
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Dispersion in water
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Rainbows