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What are the opportunities for linking agriculture and nutrition?
Marie Ruel (IFPRI)IFPRI, December 7, 2010
Photo: One Acre Fund
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Health
Nutrition
Agriculture Income
Employment
Food security
AGRICULTURE BENEFITS NUTRITION + HEALTH THROUGH:
AGRICULTURE POSESRISKS:
Productivity
Physical strength
Endurance
Cognition
Risk taking
Water-related diseasesFood-borne diseases
Zoonotic diseases
Dietary diversity
Livelihoods
AGRICULTURE – NUTRITION - HEALTH
HEALTH & NUTRITIONBENEFITS AGRICULTURE THROUGH:
Gender equity
Education
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Agriculture is Essential but Insufficient to Improve Nutrition
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Pathways from Agriculture to Nutrition (TANDI)
4
Demand side effects
Sectoral linkages
Supply side
effectsFood prices
National Level
Household Level
Food output
Nonfood output
Nutrient consumpti
on
Food expenditu
re
Non-food expenditu
re
Individual Level
Nutrient intake
Child nutritio
n outcom
es
Hou
seh
old
ass
ets
an
d
live
lih
ood
s
Drivers of “taste”: culture, location, growth,
globalization.
Intrahousehold inequality: gender bias, education, family size, seasonality, religion,
SCTs.
Public health factors: water,
sanitation, health services,
education.
Food imports
Policy drivers of inequality: land policies, financial policies, infrastructure investments, education policies,
empowerment policies for women & SCTs.
Policy drivers of nutrition: health, nutrition, social protection & education
Interacting socioeconomi
c factors[possible leakages]
Interhousehold inequality in assets,
credit, access to public goods & services
Health status
Mother’s nutrition outcome
s
Health care
expenditure
Female employmen
t
National
nutrition
outcomes
Food income:
consumption
Food income: from
markets
Non-food income
Farm/nonfarm
employment
Caring capacity & practices
Poli
cy
dri
vers
of
gro
wth
: G
reen
Revo
luti
on
in
1
97
0s
& 1
98
0s,
“li
bera
liza
tion
” &
non
farm
eco
nom
ic g
row
th i
n 1
99
0s
& 2
00
0s.
Female energy
expenditure
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Weak relationship between agriculture performance and nutrition status outcomes
Income and Agriculture Growth Nutrition indicators
Underweight Stunting Low BMI, (Women)
Asset Index 0.24 0.09 -0.45
GDP per cap growth 0.17 0.08 -0.63
Agriculture GDP/worker -0.10 -0.20 -0.44*
Non-Agr. GDP/worker -0.08 -0.14 -0.29*
Estimated elasticities between child undernutrition and welfare indicators
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What are the Opportunities? 3 Examples:
BiofortificationHomestead food production programs, which
bring agriculture-health-nutrition together at community and household level
Nutrition-sensitive value chains
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Photo: Julie Ruel-Bergeron
Biofortification for Improved Nutrition
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OFSP in Mozambique and Uganda(HarvestPlus)
Impact evaluation: randomized trial of 1st HarvestPlus crop
Intervention: • Seed systems
(dissemination of vines, farmers’ training)
• Demand creation (nutrition education)
• Marketing and product development
Reached 14,000 hh in Mozambique; 10,000 in Uganda
Dissemination: 2006-09Source: Dan Gilligan et al. ; Biofortification Conference, Nov 2010
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Control
Model 2
Model 1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
%
66% compared to control
Impact on OFSP Adoption Rate, 2009 Mozambique
Source: Dan Gilligan et al. ; Biofortification Conference, Nov 2010
% who retained OFSP vines for next season
69% compared to control
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Photo: One Acre Fund
Agriculture Programs to Improve Nutrition
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HKI’s Homestead food production in Bangladesh
Program:
• :• Impact:
Source: Millions Fed , IFPRI, 2009; www.ifpri.org/millionsfed
Production-focused: micronutrient-rich vegetables, small livestock productionNutrition education to promote consumption Focus on women: income generation, empowermentNutrition objective: Improve diet diversity, micronutrient intake
Hel
en K
elle
r Int
erna
tiona
l
Integrating agriculture and nutritionat household and community level
Triple vegetable production; increased income 73% of gardens managed by womenimproved food security for 5 million people
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Evidence of impact on maternal & child nutrition is limited
• :
Source: Millions Fed , IFPRI, 2009; www.ifpri.org/millionsfed
Stronger, better targeted BCCFocus on the 1000 days Stronger links to health systems More rigorous theory-based impact evaluation Systematic documentation of lessons learned
Hel
en K
elle
r Int
erna
tiona
l
Areas for improvement:
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Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chains
Photo: Andrew Westby
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Example of bean value chains in Uganda and Rwanda (Dry Grain Pulses CRSP, Mazur et al. 2009)
4 objectives:Improve yields and quality of harvested beansEnhance nutritional value and appeal through
appropriate post-harvest handling + processing
Increase market accessIncrease demand and consumption
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Inputs into production
Production
Post-harvest handling/storage
Processing
Marketing
Increased availability of, access to, and demand for
NUTRITIOUS BEANS
A Nutrition-Sensitive Value Chain for Beans (Uganda)
Field trials with new varietiesSoil & terrain analysisFarmers trainings
Technologies to losses (insects)Nutrient retention analysis
Testing sequencing + duration ofdifferent processing techniques(nutrient retention, anti-nutrients)
Analysis of main market channels,Drivers of market decisions,Presence of nutrient-enhanced foods
Consumer surveysCooking trainings, Education,Behavior chance communications
Source: Adapted from Mazur et al. 2009. Pulses CRSP
Value Chain Steps Activities
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Conclusions Agriculture alone will not improve nutrition fast enough We have opportunities and examples of success on how to
bridge the agriculture-nutrition divide We have challenges Our biggest challenge AND opportunity is to work together
- cross-sectorally (how?) And we need to do much better at documenting successes
– and failures; we need the evidence We have a momentum, global consensus, new initiatives,
committed donors, experienced NGOs, research community