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Vegetable Gardening
Vegetable Gardening
Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service
Master Gardener Volunteer Training Program
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Vegetable Gardening
Excellent Resource
• Oklahoman‘s Guide to Growing Fruits,
Nuts, and Vegetables, Ext. Pub E-995
• Cost $10
• Available by contacting
Stephanie Larimer at 405-744-5404
E-mail: [email protected]
On the web at: http://home.okstate.edu/Okstate/dasnr/hort/hortlahome.nsf/toc/handbook
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Vegetable Gardening
Gardening, Why Go To All The Effort?
• Well, there are lots of reasons
Obviously, fresh food
Know where it came from
How it was grown
Food for preservation
Recreation-exercise
Education
Children, Grandchildren, Schools
Even experienced gardeners
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• Basic questions to ask
What‘s the garden for?
What will you grow?
Who will be helping?
Where will it be located?
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• What‘s the garden for?
Fresh salad and vegetables
Processing — canning & freezing
Combination fresh & processing
Give away gardenwww.territorial-seed.com
www.cornichon.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• Who will be helping?
The obvious people
Me—Myself—I
Other household members
Adults, Children
Other folks
Neighbors
Friends
horticulture.unh.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• What will you grow?
What do household
members like?
Poll everyone and get an
idea
Provide a list
Try something new and
different each year Whole Foods Market
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• How much should you grow?
Know your garden goals:
Food-Recreation-Education-Exercise
How much space is available?
How much help will be available?
What type of equipment do you
have?
www.pdkinc.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Planning
• Where will it be
located?
Accessibility
Available water
Control of site
Avoid Walnut
Trees
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Vegetable Gardening
Site Selection
• Soil texture
• Soil depth
• Drainage
• Fertility
• Sun exposure
• Slope
• Air movement
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Texture
• Soil Particles Sand, silt, and clay
Course Fine
• Soil Texture Describes relative
amounts of each
particleww.soilsensor.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Types
• Sandy
Leaching, drying
Easy to till, good rooting
Sandy-loam
www.cannonsturf.co.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Types
• Loamy
Free movement of water and air
Good water retention
Fertile
Little resistance to tillage
www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Types
• Clay
Poor drainage
Difficult to till
Poor rooting
Fertile
www.rhs.org.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Depth
• Combination
Topsoil and subsoil
• Total of 4-6 feet is desirable
• Minimum of 10 in. of topsoil
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Vegetable Gardening
Adding Topsoil
Till First!
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Vegetable Gardening
Drainage
• Soil needs good drainage
Prevent root rots and other
disease
Good aeration to meet
oxygen needs
cbarc.aes.oregonstate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Slope
• >10% Offers problems
Excessive runoff
Erosion
Special management
required
• South facing slopes
Earlier plantings
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Vegetable Gardening
Air Movement
• Pest considerations
• Damage to seedlings &
transplants
• Drift from adjacent
properties
• Adjustments Barriers
Fencing
Thinning
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Design and Layout
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Layout
N
Taller plants at north end reduces shading
Group plants with
similar needs
Cole Crops
Corn & Tomatoes
North-south orientation
Reduces effect of westerly winds
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Layout
Traditional Rows
www.mobot.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Layout
Unconventional Design
www.sfpermaculture.com oblique.csail.mit.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
Mounded or Ridged Rows
www.geocities.com
Warm soil in spring
Improve Drainage
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
• Drainage
• Fertility
• Great for herb
and salad gardens
• Physical
disabilitiesRaised Beds
www.humeseeds.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
Containers
www.lollygirl.com
ripples.typepad.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
Vertical Gardening
Trellising Hanging Baskets
www.corporate_elite.infowww.burpee.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
Square-foot Gardening
members.aol.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Alternatives to Row Plantings
Intercropping
www.agroecology.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Getting Started
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Vegetable Gardening
Pre-planting Preparation
Solarization
www.floridagardener.com
Crabgrass
Weeds!
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Vegetable Gardening
Tilling
www.pdkinc.comwww.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Double Digging
1 ft. wide
1 ft. deep
www.himalayanacademy.com www.okstate.edu
Dig trench Loosen subsoil
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Vegetable Gardening
Double Digging
10-12”
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Vegetable Gardening
Double Digging
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Fertility
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Nutrition
• Macronutrients
Nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K)
• Secondary Nutrients
Ca, Mg, S
• Micronutrients
Fe, Mn, Co, Zn, Bo, Cl, Mo
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Vegetable Gardening
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Acid Alkaline
Neutral
Battery
acidVinegar Orange
juice
Pure
water
Baking
sodaAmmonia Bleach Lye
pH Scale
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Vegetable Gardening
……takes the guesswork out of fertilization
• Correct nutrition imbalances
• Prevent over fertilization
• Adjust pH
• Test soil every 2-3 years www.plintestusa.com
Soil Analysis…..
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil Test
Results
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Vegetable Gardening
Soil PH
• Adjusting pH
Too acidic - add lime
Too alkaline - add
sulfur
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Vegetable Gardening
Understanding Fertilizer Analysis
• What do those 3 numbers
mean?• % of N-P-K
• Example: 18% N-24% P-6% K
• Sources can include:• Organic
• Inorganic
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic Versus Non-organic
Fertilizers
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic versus Non-organic
• Chemical Fertilizers
Immediately available
Potential for root burn
Nutrient Availability
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic versus Non-organic
• Organic Fertilizers
Nutrients released slowly
Nutrients available for
longer duration
Nutrient Availability
www.dahlias.net
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic versus Non-organic
• Organic Advantages
Wider assemblage of nutrients
Carries beneficial bacteria and fungi
Addition of organic matter
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic versus Non-organic
• Organic Disadvantages
Handling - large quantity required
Weed seeds in some sources
High soluble salt levels in fresh manures
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Vegetable Gardening
Organic Matter
• The Magic Elixir!
Loosen heavy clays
Increases pore spaces
Improve water/nutrient holding capacity of sands
Release nutrients as it decomposes
Fosters good microbial health of soil
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Vegetable Gardening
Sources of Organic Matter
Compost
www.univers-nature.com
Free Sources
Manure
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Vegetable Gardening
Make Your Own Compost
www.monkeyrivertown.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Store-bought
Sources of Organic Matter
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Vegetable Gardening
Green Manure Crops
Sources of Organic Matter
• Legumes – fix nitrogen
• Organic matter
• Weed retention
• Rye, clover, vetch
Clover
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Vegetable Gardening
Calculating Fertilizer Needs
10’
40’My
Garden
1. Determine garden area Area 10 x 40 = 400 sqft.
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Vegetable Gardening
Calculating Fertilizer Needs
1. Determine garden area Area 10 x 40 = 400 sqft.
2. Fertilizer recommendations 1.5 lbs of N/1000 sqft.
From Soil Test
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Vegetable Gardening
Calculating Fertilizer Needs
1. Determine garden area Area 10 x 40 = 400 sqft.
2. Recommended fertilizer 1.5 lbs of N/1000 sqft.
3. Calculate actual nitrogen needs 0.4 x 1.5 = 0.6 lbs N
1.5 lbs. N
1000 sqft.X 400 sqft. = 0.6 lbs. N
Rate X Area = Actual N
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Calculating Fertilizer Needs
1. Determine garden area Area 10 x 40 = 400 sqft.
2. Recommended fertilizer 1.5 lbs of N/1000 sqft.
3. Calculate actual nitrogen needs 0.4 x 1.5 = 0.6 lbs N
4. Fertilizer Rate (R)• 46-0-0 fertilizer - 46% N = 0.46 lb. N/lb.
We need
0.46 lb. N
1 lb. fert.x R0.6 lb. N= = 1.3 lbs.
fert.
1 lb. fert.
0.46 lb. N0.6 lb.N x
Vegetable Culture
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Fertility
• Work nutrients into soil 7-10 days before
planting
Withhold 1/3 required nitrogen
Incorporate last 1/3 of nitrogen into soil 6-8
weeks later
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Vegetable Gardening
Applying Fertilizer
Spreader Hand Apply
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Vegetable Gardening
Planting and Maintenance
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Vegetable Gardening
Cool- versus warm-season crops
Warm-season cropsCool-season crops
• Asparagus
• Broccoli
• Cabbage
• Garlic
• Peas
• Onion
•Cabbage
• Cauliflower
• Carrot
• Celery
• Potato
• Lettuce
• Beet
•Spinach
• Cucumber
• Snap bean
• Tomato
• Eggplant
• Melons
• Peppers
•Sweet Potato
•Okra
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Vegetable Gardening
Successive Planting
• Cool-season crops
Spring planting: February – March
Fall planting: July – October
• Warm-season crops
Summer planting: April – May
Fall planting: July – August
• Late Fall: prepare soil
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Vegetable Gardening
Crops and Cultivars
Easy to grow
More difficult to grow
wikimedia.org
images.meredith.com
www.harrismoran.com
thinksmart.typepad.com hypertextbook.com
www.kyagr.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Hybrid Cultivars
Variety 1 – Disease
Resistance
Hybrid
Variety 2 – Good
Color
X
Photos: Randolph G. Gardner
•High yielding
•Vigorous
•Uniform
•Hearty
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Vegetable Gardening
Heirloom Varieties
• Open-pollinated
• Handed down for generations
• Seed is true to type
Can collect seeds for next season
• Diversity: genetic, flavor, color
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Vegetable Gardening
Early-maturing Cultivars
Melon
Corn
Tomato
Photos: www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Disease Resistant Cultivars
www.sbceo.k12.ca.us
Corky root disease:
resistant variety at left
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Vegetable Gardening
Intended Use of Produce
www.territorial-seed.com
www.cornichon.org
www.mcohunts.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Cultivar Selection
• Unique climate & soils
• Heat tolerance, drought stress
• See Fact Sheet HLA-6032 for OSU
recommended varieties
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Vegetable Gardening
Seed vs. Transplants
• Direct Seeded
Spinach
Carrots
Peas
Potatoes
Beans
Corn
• Transplanted
Cabbage
Broccoli
Cauliflower
Tomato
Eggplant
Pepper
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Vegetable Gardening
Starting Seeds at Home
• Advantages
Wider selection of plant varieties
Can control plant availability/timing
Earlier harvest possible
• Indoor or Outdoor
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Vegetable Gardening
When to Seed
• Weeks before transplanting
Cole crops – 4-6 weeks
Onions – 10-12 weeks
Lettuce – 4-6 weeks
Peppers – 8-10 weeks
Tomato & Eggplant – 6-8 weeks
Melons & Cucumbers – 4 weeks
Flowers – read label
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Vegetable Gardening
Starting Seeds Indoors
High-intensity lights
Fluorescent bulbs
cse.ssl.berkeley.eduwww.leevalley.com
12-14 hours per day
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Vegetable Gardening
Containers
Egg carton
www.heyne.com.au
Expandable
pots and flats
Plastic seed flats
www.skynursery.com
www.humeseeds.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Potting Soil
Sphagnum peatPerlite
Vermiculite
www.westcreekfarms.com
www.reptox.csst.qc.ca
www.cactuspro.com
Pasteurize: 180 degrees for 30 minutes
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Vegetable Gardening
Plant Growing Carts
Built-in Florescent Lights
www.hort.wisc.edu
Leek Seedlings
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Vegetable Gardening
Fertilizer
• Keep soil moist, not wet
• Liquid fertilizer at 2 to 3 week intervals
• Reduce applications when outdoor
planting approaches
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Vegetable Gardening
Starting Seeds Outdoors
Cold Frame
Row Cover
Hoop House
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Vegetable Gardening
Modify Growing Environment
Regulate Temperatures
Capture Sunlight
Protection from Frost and Wind
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Vegetable Gardening
Capturing Heat
Sunlight Warms the Soil by Day
Heat Released at Night
Sash Traps Heat
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Vegetable Gardening
Buying Transplants
cbarc.aes.oregonstate.eduwww.colostate.edu
Examine the roots: healthy roots are white,
diseased roots are brown or black
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Vegetable Gardening
Harden-off Seedlings
www.rhs.org.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Transplanting
• Plant in morning or evening
• Or on a cloudy (even rainy!) day
• Do not pull on stem or leaves
• Spread and unwrap curled roots
• Water well, fertilize
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Vegetable Gardening
Transplanting
Cardboard collars can
be made from toilet
paper tubes
members.aol.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Frost Protection
Agribon, Reemay, Interfacing
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Vegetable Gardening
Insect Protection, Too!
www.gardenaction.co.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Frost Protection
Wall-O-Water
Cloches
www.cooksgarden.com
www.dkimages.com
www.bellsofsuffolk.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Plastic Mulches
• Warm soil
• Stimulate germination
• Promote early growth
• Plastic with micropores
www.hightunnels.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Watering
• One inch weekly
• Irrigation
Conserves water
Targets root zone
• Keep foliage dry
• Water in morning
• Water needs vary with plant stage www.colostate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Water Conservation
• Reduce evaporation
• Reduces fluctuations
Split tomatoes
Blossom end rot of
squash
Mulch
Kim Rebek
Kim Rebek
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
www.ipmthailand.org
i22.photobucket.com
www.wildernessnursery.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Control Options
• Use of mulches
Organic and Inorganic
• Plant spacing
• Hand labor for weeding
• Control prior to planting
Round-up herbicide
TillingCobraHead
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Vegetable Gardening
Common Weeds
• Bermudagrass
• Crabgrass
• Knotweed
• Pigweeds
• Spurge
• Prickly sida (Mexican tea weed)
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
Organic Mulches
www.ipmthailand.org
i22.photobucket.com
www.wildernessnursery.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
Straw Mulch
Kim Rebek
Lower soil temperature
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
i22.photobucket.com www.wildernessnursery.com
Grass Clippings Leaves
Avoid Herbicide Treated
Clippings!
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
Inorganic Mulches
www.wildernessnursery.comwww.hightunnels.org
Newspaper Plastic
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
White Plastic
www.usask.ca
Reflects light at plant for fruit production
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
• Make sure water can
pass through
Fiber Mulches
David Beaulieu
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
• Alter plant spacing
• Remove early/small
• Sanitation
Dispose of seed
heads
Cultural Practices
gaga.ncf.ca
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
Mechanical Methods
www.push-pull.net horticulture.unh.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
• Limit use
Plants sensitive to cultivation
Pre-emergent after germination
Chemical Control
www.kerrysgarden.uswww.jackburnslives.com
Carrot Seedling Onion Seedling
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Vegetable Gardening
Weed Management
Quackgrasswww.agron.iastate.edu
Herbicide burn - cucumberwww.agf.gov.bc.ca
• Limit use
Perennial weeds prior to planting
Or try solarization
Chemical Control
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Vegetable Gardening
Pest Management
If you plant it…
…they will come.
mtvernon.wsu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Insect Pests of Vegetables
Imported cabbage worm Tomato hornwormwww.urbanext.uiuc.edu
Direct Pests
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Vegetable Gardening
Insect Pests of Vegetables
Aphids
Indirect Pests
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Vegetable Gardening
Insect Pests of Vegetables
Squash vine borer
Larva Adultwww.uky.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• Monitoring
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• Monitoringwww.ipmthailand.org
Resistant Varieties – Rotation – Site Selection
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• Monitoringusers.ncable.net.au
Nutrition – Weed Management – Irrigation
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• Monitoringwww.colostate.edu
Sanitation
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• Monitoring
Caraway
Encourage Natural Pest Control
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Vegetable Gardening
Integrated Pest Management
• Garden establishment
• Plant maintenance
• Pest avoidance
• MonitoringKim Rebek
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Vegetable Gardening
Crop Rotation
• Rotate Plant Families
Curcurbits
Crucifers
Solanaceous
Legumes
www.letsgogardening.co.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Crop Rotation
• Manage insect pests
• Reduce disease
• Avoid nutrient
depletion
www.organicgardening.org.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Disease Management
• Resistant varieties
• Sanitation
• Cultural practices
• Rotation
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Vegetable Gardening
Disease Management
Septoria leaf spot on tomato
garden.garden.org
pubs.caes.uga.edu
Keep Foliage Dry
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Vegetable Gardening
Disease Management
Photos: Kim Rebek
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Vegetable Gardening
Disease Management
mtvernon.wsu.edu
Kim Rebek
Sanitation
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
• Sanitation
Remove debris
Destroy diseased
tissue
Eliminate sources of
weed seed
www.monkeyrivertown.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
Seed Collection and Storage
members.aol.com
www.ourveggiegarden.com
www.liseed.org
Isolate flowers when necessary
Open pollinated & heirloom varieties only
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
Soil Preparation
www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
Plant Green Manures
Rye grass
• Reduce erosion
• Add nutrients to soil
www.dri.vic.gov.au
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
• Tillage in fall
Heavy soils
Winter freeze/thaw
breaks clods
Early spring planting
www.thewatershed.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Postseason Duties
• Planting map, varieties planted, planting dates
• Weather conditions, frost dates
• Seed sowing and transplanting times
• Pest problems: types of pests, extent of damage, yield losses
• Management strategies taken and effectiveness
• Harvest dates, yields and quality
Record Keeping
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Vegetable Gardening
Perennial Crops
Asparagus
Rhubarb
Horseradish
Jerusalem Artichoke
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
• Cool season crop
• Produces 15-25 years
• Site selection important
• Tolerate moderate
fertility, sodium, light
shade
Asparagus officinalis
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
Seed – cheaper, fewer
problems with fusarium
www.umassvegetable.org
Commonly planted as
1-year-old crowns
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
3-5 feet
between rows
Plant 12-18
inches apart
18 inches
deep
Planting Crowns
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
www.hort.cornell.eduwww.oznet.ksu.edu
Asparagus ferns Harvest small spears: 8-10
inches, 1 in. diameter
Harvest in third
season
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Vegetable Gardening
Rhubarb
• Grown for stems/petioles
• Roots and leaves inedible
• Very large plant, needs
space
Rheum rhabarbarum
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Rhubarb
• Planting
Crowns
2-3 inches deep
Well drained soil
Tolerate partial shade
Water well until
establishedwww.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Jerusalem Artichoke
• Native perennial
sunflower
• Edible tubers – sweet
and nutty flavor
Helianthus tuberosus
Flowers
biology.clc.uc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Jerusalem Artichoke
• Plant tubers 6 in. deep
• Well drained soil
• Plant 4-6 weeks before
last spring frost
• Cut like potatoes, one
―eye‖ per section
• 120 days to matureTubers
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Vegetable Gardening
Jerusalem Artichoke
• No serious pests
• Harvest after tops die
back
• Can be very invasive
www.nbbd.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Cole Crops
Brassica (Crucifer) Family :
Broccoli, Brussels sprouts,
Cauliflower, Cabbage, Kale, Kohlrabi,
Turnips, Mustard, and Collards
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Vegetable Gardening
Planting
• Short spring and fall seasons
• Cool season plants, do not tolerate heat – bolting
• Grow broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts from transplants
• Early maturing varietiesBolting broccoli
plant
www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Planting
www.avrdc.org
Bury to first set of leaves
Space 18-24 inches in rows
Protect plants from cutworms with
cardboard collar
members.aol.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Broccoli Types
Head broccoli
Sprouting broccoli
outreach.missouri.edu
www.gardenaction.co.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Cabbage
Images: www.hort.purdue.edu
Loose- and hard-heading types
Many varieties: color, use, time to maturity
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Vegetable Gardening
Cauliflower• Blanching
Tie leaves around developing curd
Preserves color and flavor
Blanch while head is dry
Check regularly – ripening varies
Self-blanching
www.hort.purdue.edu
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Harvest
Over-ripe floret
Harvest broccoli and
cauliflower by cutting
entire head
www.hort.cornell.edu
www.mariquita.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Broccoli – Second Harvest
www.hort.cornell.edu
www.mariquita.com
Small heads form on side
shoots after initial harvest
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Vegetable Gardening
Cabbage
www.yaguinalights.org
Twist heads
to harvest
Twist heads slightly or cut roots to delay head splitting
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Vegetable Gardening
Brussels Sprouts
www.hort.cornell.edu
Break off lower,
yellowing leaves
Leave 2-inch stalk
for developing
sprouts
Sprouts form on lower stem first
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Vegetable Gardening
Brussels Sprouts
• Harvest sprouts when 2-
inch diameter
• 60-100 per plant
• Flavor mellows with age
• Warm weather promotes
strong flavorwww.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Tips
• Plants need steady
moisture – drip irrigation
works well
• Cauliflower can be
challenging
• Brussels sprouts and
cauliflower have high
nutrient requirementswww.colostate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Turnips
• Both root and leaves are edible
• Cool season crop
• Plant at 3 week intervals
• Harvest small roots: 2-3 inches
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Kale
‗Bicolor‘
Ornamental
& Edible
www.hort.cornell.edu
‗Scotch‘
Tightly curled
leaves
‗Siberian‘
Smooth leaf with
frilled edge
felcopruners.net www.veseys.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Kale
• Spring – sow 6 weeks before last frost
• Fall – sow 10 weeks before first frost
• Hold fall crop in ground into winter
• Frost improves flavorwww.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Kale
www.hort.purdue.edu
Harvest individual
leaves or entire
plant
Young leaves – eat fresh
Older leaves – stews and soup
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Vegetable Gardening
Mustard
www.hort.cornell.edu
www.all-creatures.org
Bok Choy (Pok Choi) or Chinese mustard cabbage
Curly leaf and smooth mustards are common to southern gardens
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Vegetable Gardening
Mustard
• Cool-season plant
• Plants bolt in hot weather
• Mulch to keep roots cool
• Sow 2 to 4 weeks before
last frost
• Second planting for fall
harvest
Mustard
flowering
www.webindia123.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Mustard
• Harvest plants all at
once or largest leaves
first
• Frost improves flavor
• Avoid flowering and
seeding weeds!
www.cookinglouisiana.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Collards
• Non-heading cabbage
• Tolerates heat well
• Start seeds 10 weeks
before final frost
• Mulch base to prolong
harvest
Brassica oleracea
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Collards
• Harvest young, tender leaves
• Harvest lower leaves first, leave tip to prolong harvest
• Frost does notimprove flavor
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
The Legume Family
Beans and Peas
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
Phaseolus spp.
Lima beans
www.hort.purdue.edu
Snap beans
Wax beans
French beans
www.homestead.com
www.umassvegetable.orgwww.thegardennewsletter.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
Bush beans Pole beans: 5-8
foot support
www.VictorySeeds.comsmileycynic.net
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
• Sow beans after danger of
frost passes
• Plant at 2-week intervals
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
www.hort.cornell.edu
www.hort.purdue.edu
Snap beans: Do not let pods overfill & harvest young pods regularly
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
Pisum spp.
Snow peas
www.hort.cornell.edu
Sugar snap peas Garden pea
www.hort.purdue.edu www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Garden Pea Varietiesberkeley.edu
• Smooth vs. wrinkled seeds
Wrinkled - sweeter
Smooth – good for fall crop
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Vegetable Gardening
Tall vs. short plants
www.bbc.co.uk
Garden Pea Varieties
www.hort.cornell.edu
Tall varieties need support
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
• Sow when soil reaches 40oF
• Plant fall crop in August
• Soak seeds 24 hrs. before planting
www.uky.edu www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
• Mature garden pea
Pod full, but not
deteriorating
Approx. 3 weeks after
flower
Process or eat
immediately
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
Overripe peas
•Dry pods on vine
•Shell and dry peas 3
weeks
www.liseed.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
Mature sugar snap pea
Mature snow peawww.thecuttinggarden.com
www.seedsofchange.com
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Vegetable Gardening
The Bulbs
Onion family: onion, garlic, and leeks
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Vegetable Gardening
Onions
• Onion Classifications
Shape: globe, round, flat
Color: red, white, yellow
Pungency: sweet or
pungent
Day Length: short,
intermediate, long
***Short day for OK***
Allium cepa
Photos: National Garden Bureau
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Vegetable Gardening
Onions
• Bunching Onions
Scallions
Any type of onion
Harvested immature
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Vegetable Gardening
Onions
• Grown from seed, transplants, or sets
• Sets and transplants planted Feb- March
• Fall planting (sets, seed, or plants) for late spring harvest
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Vegetable Gardening
Harvesting Onions
• Constant water
supply
Limited roots
1 inch/week until
bulbing
1 ½ inches/week
until tops fall over
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Harvesting Onions
• Leave in ground 1-2
weeks after tops fall
over
Skins thicken
Leaves dry
• Dry harvested bulbs in
sun 3-7 days
www.vidaliaonion.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Garlic
Allium sativum
Photos: www.hort.purdue.edu
Perennial grown as annual
Started from cloves
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Vegetable Gardening
Garlic
• Planting
• Point up!
• 1 inch deep
• Sandy, rich soil
• Fall or spring
planting
This clove was planted
upside-down
www.extension.umn.edu
www.mytinyplot.co.uk
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Vegetable Gardening
Garlic
www.hort.cornell.edu
www.mytinyplot.co.uk
Garlic can be hung to dry
Harvest when tops yellow
and droop
Control Weeds & Remove Flowers
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Vegetable Gardening
Leeks
Allium ampeloprasum, Porrum group
www.hort.cornell.edu www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Leeks
• Plant seedlings in trenches
• Set 6-8 inches deep
• Cover stem one inch at a time as plants grow
• Spring planting – 3-4 wks. Before last frost
• Fall planting – Sept. 1
www.hort.wisc.edu
www.hort.wisc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Leeks
• Harvest when 1 inch
diameter or larger
• Pull by hand or dig
• Can store fall crops in
garden over winter
Mulch heavily
www.hort.wisc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Nightshade
(Solanaceous) Family
Tomatoes, Potatoes, Eggplant,
and Peppers
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
• Classifications
Use: fresh, canning
Maturation: early, mid-
season, and late varieties
Lycopersicum esculentum
www.hort.purdue.edu
Some types suitable for
hanging baskets www.corporate-elite.info
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Vegetable Gardening
Determinate vs. Indeterminate
• Determinate Finite bearing season
Harvest will peak then decrease Compact plant size
• Indeterminate
Will bear until frost Continues to grow, flower & fruit until frost
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
Heritage varietiesHybrid tomato
Randolph G. Gardner
www.pallensmith.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
Black plastic
warms soil
Wall-o-water
www.hightunnels.org
www.cooksgarden.com
Very susceptible to frost, take precautions if starting plants early
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
Trench
Method
Set transplants deep in soilourveggiegarden.com
www.slowgardening.com
Ideal transplants
More typically transplants are long and leggy
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato Supportswww.uwgb.edu
www.thewaterwisegarden.com
Tomato cage
Staked tomato
Not necessary, but…
• Keeps fruits off ground
• May reduce disease
• Saves space
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Vegetable Gardening
Mulching
• Tomatoes, peppers, eggplant, potatoes
• Maintain constant, even moisture (esp. fruiting)
• Moderate temperatures
• Manage weeds
• Limit spread of soil-born pathogens
• Once soils warm: mid-JuneKim Rebek
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Vegetable Gardening
Eggplant
Solanum melongena var. esculentum
Photos: www.hort.purdue.edu
Star-shaped flowers Attractive fruit
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Vegetable Gardening
Eggplant
• Warm soil a must
Plant 2-3 weeks after
last killing frost
Start plants indoors 8-
10 weeks before
transplanting
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Eggplant
Harvest
• Eggplant does
not store
• Extent season
Early harvest
(3-5 inch fruits)
Very tender
www.ars.usda.govwww.specialtycrops.colostate.edu
www.infinitegardenfarm.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Peppers
Capsicum annuum var. annuum
Photos: www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Peppers
• Sandy soil ideal
• Protect plants from
wind and frost
• Sun scald
Associated with low
magnesium levels
www.umassvegetable.org
Sun Scald
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Vegetable Gardening
Peppers
www.hort.purdue.edu
www.arcana.ws
www.plantations.cornell.edu
Harvest immature, green peppers or allow to color for sweeter flavor
Cut pods rather than pulling off plant
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
• Use certified, disease-
free seed pieces
• Select disease-resistant
varieties
• Late maturing varieties
for winter storage
Solanum tuberosum
www.robinsons.pe.ca
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
• Loam and sandy
loam ideal
• Misshapen tubers
may develop in
heavy soil
www.coopext.colostate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
pubs.caes.uga.edu
www.gardenaction.co.uk
Seed pieces
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
• Potatoes are heavy
feeders Take soil sample
• Hill soil when plants
reach 8-12 inches,
and as needed
pubs.caes.uga.edu
Hilling
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
• Constant moisture is a must – 1 inch/week
• Alternating wet-dry cycles causes cracks, hollow
heart, and knobs
Hollow heart Crackswww.coopext.colostste.edu edis.ifas.ufl.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
clearwaterlandscapes.com
New potatoes – small, immature
potatoes
Harvest upper tubers carefully,
leaving deeper ones to maturewww.hort.cornell.edu
Harvest time varies, look for
indicators: vine death, tuber size,
skin set (does not peel easily)
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
• Storing potatoes
Harvest fully matured tubers
Harvest before severe frost
Store only undamaged, healthy tubers
Check weeklywww.claywestvirginia.com
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Vegetable Gardening
The Cucurbits
Cucumbers, melons, summer
and winter squash, pumpkins,
and gourds
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucurbits
• Warm soils up with black plastic mulch or landscape fabric Can double yields!
Do not tolerate cold soils
• Plant early to beat pests
• Grow disease-resistant varietieswww.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucurbits
• Plant from seed or
transplants
• Avoid disturbing roots
Planting and cultivation
• Good weed control is
essentialwww.prunus.net
Seedlings
Mulch plants: maintain moisture, control weeds, and warm soils
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucurbits
• Vines can reach 20 feet
• Cut back to contain
• Save space – grow on
sturdy trellis or arbor
Cucumbers, small melons,
gourds, and winter squash
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucurbits
• Plants are monoecious
Separate male and female
flowers
Insect pollinated
Protect and encourage honeybees
Readily cross-pollinate
No effect on fruit, but seed is
hybrid, not true to parent
Watermelon flowerwww.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucurbits
• Large quantities of water
Cucumber, melons, summer
squash
Especially during fruit
production
Demand tapers as fruit ripens
Keep soil moist www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Pumpkin and Squash
Cucurbita spp.
www.harrismoran.comwww.hort.cornell.edu
www.hort.cornell.edu
Cut stems and cure in field 2-3 weeks
Summer squash tender and immature
Winter squash has matured and stores well
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucumber
Cucumis sativus
Slicing cucumber Pickling cucumber
www.hort.cornell.edu www.hort.purdue.edu
Two Main Types
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Vegetable Gardening
Cucumbers
• Harvest picklers daily
• Harvest slicers at
appropriate size
• Do not leave unwanted
fruit on vine
Will stop productionHarvested cucumbers
www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Melons
Cucumis melo
Watermelon
thinksmart.typepad.com
www.hort.purdue.edu
Netted Melon
(―Cantalope‖)
Honeydew melon
www.biology.iastate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Melons
• Ripeness Indicators
Coloration
Tendril nearest fruit turns
brown
Rind touching ground turns
yellow
Dull, hollow thud when
tapped
Finger nail testwww.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Salad Crops and Potherbs
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Vegetable Gardening
Lettuce
Lactuca sativa
Boston lettuce
Romaine
Head lettuce
Leaf lettucewww.hort.purdue.edu
www.hort.purdue.eduwww.csdl.tamu.edu
www.csdl.tamu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Lettuce
• Cool-season crop
Best to grow quickly
Provide plenty of water early on
• Sow mid February to mid-March
• Sow leaf lettuce again early
August
Mixed lettuce planting
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Vegetable Gardening
Lettuce
Lettuce planted between
rows of beans moderates
temperature
• Prolongs production
• Prevents bitter taste
Photos: www.seedsofchange.com
Heat Sensitive
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Vegetable Gardening
Lettuce
Harvest
Head and Romaine: Harvest at appropriate size, cut at crown
Loose leaf types: Cut outer leaves one-by-one, leaving inner leaves to mature
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Vegetable Gardening
Endive
Cichorium intybus
www.hort.cornell.edu
Curly endive Escarolewww.vegiworks.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Endive
Blanch leaves to
reduce bitterness
2-3 weeks before
harvest
Photos: www.rhs.org.uk
Heat causes
bitterness
Tie leaves or cover
plants with pot or
plates
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Vegetable Gardening
Goosefoot Family
Spinach, Chard, and Beets
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Vegetable Gardening
Spinach
Spinacia oleracea
Smooth-leaved spinachwww.hort.cornell.edu
Savoy spinach
www.specialtycrops.colostate.edu
Quick to mature, requires little space
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Vegetable Gardening
Spinach
• Summer heat causes plants
to bolt
• Plant early spring
• Plant between taller crops
to cool, tolerates part shade
• Sow fall crop mid-September
Spinach bolting
www.hort.wisc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Spinach
• Switch to chard
or New Zealand
spinach during
warmer weather
New Zealand
spinachSwiss chard
www.hort.wisc.edu www.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Swiss Chard
• Colorful, ornamental
and edible
• Tolerates heat
• Avoid drought stress
Induces flowering and
stops production
Beta vulgaris var. ciclawww.hort.purdue.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Spinach
• Keep plants productive
Pinch-off outer leaves
Keep 50% intact for further growth
Chard may produce up to 2 years!
www.hort.purdue.edu
Harvest
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Vegetable Gardening
Beets
• Sow seeds March and
August
• Irrigation important
during establishment
• Not tolerant of wet soil
• Bolting may occur in
heat
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Vegetable Gardening
Root Crops
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Vegetable Gardening
Carrots
• Easy to grow
• Deep, loose, rich soil
• Rocky, hard soil
causes irregular
growth
Daucus carota var. sativus
www.ars.usda.gov
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Vegetable Gardening
Carrots
• Carrot Shapes (left to right)
Chantenay Short, distinctively colored core
Nantes Medium length, blunt tip
Bunching, slicing, minis
Danvers Large, good for processing
Imperator Long, tapered, eaten fresh
oregonstate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Carrots
• Harvest when 1 to
1 ½ inch diameter
• Fall crop – harvest
after first frost
www.pbs.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Parsnips
• Sweet, nutty flavor
• Good for stews and
soups
• Biennial plant grown
as annual
• Grow like carrots
Pastinaca sativa
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Parsnips
• Requires warm soil to germinate
Sow when soil warms
Fall crop – late July
• Harvest when 1 inch
• Flavor enhanced by frost
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Radishes
• Very easy to grow
• Grow all season:
Spring, mid-season,
summer, late, and winter
varieties available
• Oblong, round, flat or
long roots
Raphanus sativus
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Radishes
• Low maintenance
• Irrigation important
1 inch / week
• Sow at intervals for
continued harvest
Probert Encyclopedia
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Vegetable Gardening
Rutabaga
• Roots similar to
turnip
Longer to mature
Stores longer
• Tops also edible
Strong flavor
Good for soups/stews
Brassica napus
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Rutabaga
• Need room to grow
Space seedlings 8 inches apart
• Tolerate heavy soils
• Harvest when diameter about 5 inches
• Do not allow roots to freeze
www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Other Crops
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
Zea mays
Sweet
corn
Indian
corn
Popping
corn
Field
corn
www.urbanext.uiuc.edu
teachplants.okstate.edu
www.buddenbooks.com
www.cmsu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
www.mass.gov
www.gardenleisure.com
www.agron.missouri.edu
Modern Varieties – usually hybrid
Older Varieties –many colors, open pollinated
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
Pollen is produced
on the tassels
www.hort.purdue.edu
Pollen effects characteristics of the current crop (very unique):
• Flavor: starch or sweet
• Kernel color
• Isolate from field corn
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
• Cold soils can limit
germination
Plant late March to April
• Sow successive plantings
Every 3-4 weeks
Final planting July 15
Frost damage
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
www.hort.purdue.edu
Corn
Beans
Rotate
Rotation replenishes soil nutrients
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
Increase water
when plants start
to silk
Sensitive to soil moisture
• 1 inch / week
• 1 ½ in./ week when ear filling
• Mulch plants
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
• Strip back leaves to test
kernels for ripeness
• Look for dark, damp silks
• Twist ear and pull
downward to harvestwww.afcd.gov.hk
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
www.blueridgetexas.com
Allow dent, Indian, and
popcorn varieties to dry
on the stalk
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Vegetable Gardening
Okra
Abelmoschus esculentus
Photos: www.hort.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Okra
• Plant April 10 or later
Warm season crop
Very tender
• Best to seed
Plants sensitive to root
disturbance
• Follow peas for good
resultswww.tinkersgarden.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Okra
• Pick pods when small and
tender (2-3 inches long)
• Harvest every 3 days
• Use okra immediately,
does not keep
www.technisem.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Okra
www.hort.cornell.edu
Protect your skin from
irritation
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Vegetable Gardening
Sweet Potatoes
Ipomoea batatas
www.hort.purdue.eduwww.hort.cornell.edu
Need long season to mature: 90-160 days
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Vegetable Gardening
Sweet Potatoes
• Grown from
slips
• Start your own
or purchase
Start ―slips‖ in
water or soil
www.onekama.k12.mi.us
photoalbum.datafox.org
Pointed end up!
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Vegetable Gardening
Sweet Potatoes
• Plant slips May to early
June
• Space 3-4 feet apart
• Do not over fertilizewww.nri.org
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Vegetable Gardening
Sweet Potatoes
• Harvest when tubers
reach 5-6 inches long and
2 inch diameter
• Harvest before first frost
• Cure for storage
80-90 degrees for 2 weeks
www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Vegetable Pests
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
Larva Adult
Asparagus beetle Beetle damage to spears
Photos: www.vegedge.umn.edu
Hand remove & Harvest often
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Vegetable Gardening
Asparagus
Asparagus rust
• Fungus on stems and leaves
• Manage with fungicides
• 7-10 day intervals
•Begin after harvest
•Sanitationwww.umass.vegetable.org
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Vegetable Gardening
www.urbanex.uiuc.edu
Brassica Pests
Cabbage aphid
Rick Foster
Imported cabbage
worm
www.ent.csiro.au
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Vegetable Gardening
Insect Pests
Cabbage looperwww.ent.uga.edu
Cabbage looper
damage
Susan Mahr
Use row covers (Reemay)
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Vegetable Gardening
Diseases
Alternaria leaf spotBlack rot
Photos: www.nysaes.cornell.edu
Club root
www.umassvegetable.org
Manage with: resistant varieties, plant spacing, garden sanitation
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Vegetable Gardening
Turnips
Flea beetlemuextension.missouri.edu
www.gardeners.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Mustard
C. Welty
Aphids
W. Cranshaw
Cabbageworms
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
Cabbage looper
Green cloverworm Mexican bean beetle
European
corn borer
University of Florida
www.vegedge.umn.edu
www.ipm.uiuc.edu
www.cnr.berkley.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Beans
C.L. Harmon
edis.ifas.ufl.edu www,maes.msu.edu
Bacterial blight Bean mosaic virus
Common bean rust
Keep foliage dry!
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
Jim Dill
CutwormPea weevil
Pea aphid
info.ag.uidaho.edu www.ent.csiro.au
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Vegetable Gardening
Peas
X.B. Yang
Damping off Powdery mildew
www.dpi.vic.gov.au
Peas usually problem free in home gardens
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Vegetable Gardening
Bulb Pests
W. Cranshaw
Onion thrips
Michigan State University
Onion maggot damage
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Vegetable Gardening
Garlic rot
www.garlicworld.co.uk
Bulb Pests
Botrytis leaf blight
Foliar symptoms of
fusarium rot
www.extension.umn.edu
cvp.cce.cornell.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
Flea beetle damage
Tomato hornworm
Variegated Cutworm
pestdata.ncsu.edu
Purdue University
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Vegetable Gardening
Tomato
Late blightTomato wilt
www.oznet.ksu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Spotted wilt virus
Tomato
www.nysaes.cornell.edu www.oznet.ksu.edu
Anthracnose
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
Adult
Colorado potato beetle
LarvaeEggs
University of Florida www.ars.usda.gov
Plants tolerate 25% leaf damage
Hand pick eggs and larvae or use Bacillus thuringiensis san diego (Bt)
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
Potato Late Blight
www.scri.sari.ac.uk
www1.sac.ac.uk
Rotation, resistant varieties, and certified disease free seed all help in management
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
Potato leafhopper
Virus leaf roll
www.gov.mb.ca
Foliage Problems
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Vegetable Gardening
Potato
Scab
Potato virus Y
tuber necrosis
plantpath.wisc.edu
cvp.cce.cornell.edu
www.umassvegetable.org
Potato soft rot
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Vegetable Gardening
Pumpkin and Squash
Cucumber beetles
Squash vine
borer
Squash
bugs
www.uky.edu
R. Bessin
www.uky.edu
P. Coin
R. Bessin
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Vegetable Gardening
Pumpkin and Squash
Angular leaf spot
Gummy stem
blight
Black rot Bacterial
wilt
www.ag.ohio-state.edu
www.ag.ohio-state.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Lettuce
L.R. Nault
Aster yellows
Slug feeding
Bottom rot
www.fantasy-gardening.com
ag.arizona.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Spinach
Leaf Miner
The Ohio State University
Aphid
Downy
mildew
www.inra.fr
imagedb.calsnet.arizona.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Swiss Chard
Leaf spot
Leaf minermtvernon.wsu.edu
www.urbanext.uiuc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Carrots
Wireworms
Carrot Weevil
bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au
insects.tamu.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Carrots
Tom Isakeit
Alternaria leaf blight
Cercospora leaf spot
www.plantpath.wisc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Many Crops
muextension.missouri.edu
Flea beetle
Exclude beetles using
floating row covers
www.taunton.com
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Vegetable Gardening
Radishes
Radish scab
Black root
www.semena.org
www.omafra.gov.on.ca
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
Corn earworm Wireworm
European
corn borer
ipcm.wisc.edu www.ento.psu.edu
www.ent.iastate.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Corn
Corn smut
Rustwww.nysaes.cornell.edu
www.plantpath.wisc.edu
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Vegetable Gardening
Okra
entweb.clemson.edu
www.colostate.edu
Green stink bug
Kim Rebek
Corn earworms
Imported
cabbageworm