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An ImprovedOil Shale
RetortA Road Not Taken
26th Oil Shale SymposiumOctober 17, 2006
Larry M. Southwick, P.E.Cincinnati, Ohio
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OutlineIntroductionFluid Bed RetortsFluid Catalytic CrackingFundamentalsDemo PlantsResolution
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Synfuels BasicsOil shale
KerogenHeating (500°C or more)
Oil sandsBitumenWater dissolution
Oil and gasNo mining requiredGenerally higher quality products
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ChallengesTechnology
Large scale miningWhole mass must be heatedSmall unit sizes heretoforeRecovery low (<~50% of organic C)Dusting into product oilBeneficiation has not been successful
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ChallengesOther Areas
Operational risks (need good demo plant)Environmental permitting/liabilitiesUncertain public policyLead time - design, permitting, constructionEconomics
Lots of iron and steel in plantsErgo, oil price goes up, plant cost riseCan’t get there from here
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Fluid Bed RetortingHytort
High pressure, hydrogen, mistingNot viable as moving bed - redesignFluid bed tried
Chattanooga EnergyHigh pressure, hydrogen, spouted bed
Ensyn/IvanhoeHigh velocity cyclonic vesselBiomass, heavy oil, oil shale
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Fluid Cat CrackingESSO
1940’s, Australian shalesYield loss, dusting into product
SinclairHot gas from combustion to heat retortModify Gas Combustion
METCStacked beds (Kellogg A)
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ESSO
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Advanced ConceptsKentort II
Devonian, pyrolyzer, gasifier, combustorHeat carrier, reactivityTarry, dirty oil
Univ. of Queensland/CSIROCirculating beds: retort & combustorInert carrier, or well combusted spent shaleHigher temperature = higher yieldsRundle Twins - road not taken (ATP)
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KENTORT II
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CSIRO/QUEENSLAND
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Oil Company EntriesExxon
FCCU pilot plant, secretiveGreen River shale, Rundle shaleDusts into oil Viewed as not viable
AmocoCirculating beds: Contactor, retort, combustorInert carrier or combusted spent shaleBasic data, shale holding time, strip vaporsShale fines into product oil, same on LurgiSand lost to system, replaced by spent shaleViewed as not viable
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Exxon
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AMOCO
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Design ResolutionInert carrier
No spent shale in retort - better yieldNo dusts into oil - better quality oils
Fluid bed designLike AmocoDo not allow carrier/shale separationRemove dust from carrier after heatingObtain basic data: temp., particle data, fluidization characteristics (species, psd)Need pilot testing
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ConclusionsHigh oil prices will not make small scale units magically become economicalToo much iron, steel and concreteNeed to find a larger capacity alternativeFCCU holds considerable promiseThink beyond Big Oil’s dead ends
FCCU benefited from years of improvements
Investigate beneficiation - fines not an issue if Fl. BedOil sands has done it, oil shale can too!