Download - Oil &Gas Processing 1-2
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Slide No: 1
NNPC Graduate Programme Methods
Generally:Crude Oil Consists of Thousands o
Exact Analysis/Separation Into Co
Analysis Normally Into Fractions of
Analysis Methods
Ultimate Analysis
Produces PERCENTAGES of DiCompounds
Says Very Little About Crude
Useful in Sulphur Content Dete
of Crude Analysis
Compounds
ponent Compounds Impossible
Different Boiling Point Range
fferent ELEMENTS of Crude
ompounds and Characteristics
mination
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Slide No: 2
NNPC Graduate Programme
CRUDE Properties/Eleme
SG Temp C.Penn 0.86 15 85.5 1
Mecook 0.89 - 83.6 1
Humbolt 0.91 - 85.6 1
Headldton - - 85.0 1
Coalinga 0.95 15 86.4
Mexico 0.97 15 83.0
Beaumont 0.91 - 85.7
USSR 0.89 - 86.5
S. America 0.94 20 85.6
Method
ts Percentages
H. N. O. S..2 - - -
.9 - 3.6 -
2.4 - - 0.37
2.9 - - 0.76
1.7 1.14 - 0.60
1.0 1.7 - 4.30
1.0 2.61 - 0.70
2.0 - 1.5 -
1.9 0.54 - -
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 3
NNPC Graduate Programme
Chemical AnalysisProduces Percentages of Crude
Paraffins
Straight Chain Hydrocarbo
Single Bond Hydrocarbons
Saturated Hydrocarbon
Naphthenes
Carbon Arranged in Ring
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Single Bond Hydrocarbon
Also Called Cycloalkanes
Cycloparaffins
Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
Method
s
100 %Paraffins
100 %
Aromatics
100 %Naphthenes
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 4
NNPC Graduate Programme
Chemical AnalysisProduces Percentages of Cru
Aromatics
Consists of Benzene
Molecule Consists ofSix Hydrogen Atoms
Can be Determined by ChemiRanges
Cn
Determine Proportions of
Cannot Determine Actual Qua
Method
e
olecules or their Multiples
ix Carbon Atoms Bonded in a Ring With
al Analysis orSolvent Test in Temp
araffins, Naphthenes and Aromatics
tities
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 5
NNPC Graduate Programme
Paraffinic Crudes
paraffins + naphthenes > 50
paraffins > naphthenes
paraffins > 40%
Naphthenic Crudes
paraffins + naphthenes > 50
naphthenes > paraffins
naphthenes > 40%
Paraffinic-Naphthenic Crudes
Aromatics < 50%
paraffins < 40%
naphthenes < 40%
Chemical AnalysisSummary of Crude Classifications
Method
(in order of decreasing value):
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 6
NNPC Graduate Programme
Aromatic-Naphthenic Crudes
Aromatics > 50%
Naphthenes < 25%
Paraffins < 10%
Aromatic-Intermediate Crudes
Aromatics > 50%
Paraffins < 10%
Aromatic-Asphaltic Crudes Naphthenes > 25%
Paraffins < 10%
Chemical Analysis
Summary of Crude Classifications (in
Method
rder of decreasing value):
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 7
NNPC Graduate Programme
Evaluation Analysis
Mainly Fractional Distillation
Followed by Physical Property Tes
Fractions Properties Given Include
API Gravity
Viscosity
Aniline Point
Flash Point
Pour Point
% Sulfur
% Yield, etc
Used to Produce Evaluation Analys
Used to Predict and Determine Cru
ASTM Test Method D2887
Method
of Distilled Fractions
:
s Curves
de Yield/Properties at the Refinery
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 8
NNPC Graduate Programme
Evaluation Analysis Method
Typical Crude Oil
Gravity, API
BS&W, Vol%
Sulfur, wt%
Pour Point Test, 0C
Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F
Reid Vapour Press, psi @
Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl
Lighter Compounds and
Material Range Viscosity Yield GrP.Pt An. Pt(0F) ( SUS ) (Vol%) 0API (wt%)
Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7
Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0-
Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5
Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7
Lube 650+ 80 38.8
Method
Evaluation (Norway) Crude
= 36.3
= 1.0
= 0.21
= +20.0
= 42.48
100 0F = 5.1
= 14.5
2 Vol% = 1.0
avity %S Para Naph Arom C. Res
(Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) (0F) (0F)
7.2 0.003 - - -
0.1 0.0024 56.52 29.52 - 13.96
40.2 0.05 - - 13.1 - 146.2
33.7 0.11 0.08 25 165.3
- 0.39 - - 4.0 85
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 9
NNPC Graduate Programme
Evaluation Analysis Method
Method
Typical Crude Oil Evaluation (N
Gravity, API
BS&W, Vol%
Sulfur, wt%
Pour Point Test, 0C
Viscosity, SUS @ 100 0F
Reid Vapour Press, psi @Salt, lbm/1,000 bbl
Lighter Compounds and
Material Range Viscosity Yield Gravity %S(0F) ( SUS ) (Vol%) 0API (wt%)
Gas Loss 60 - 200 - 10.7 77.2 0.00Light Petrol 60 - 400 - 31.0 60.1 0.00
Kerosine 400 - 500 32.33 13.5 40.2 0.05
Diesel 500 - 650 43.83 15.7 33.7 0.11
Lube 650+ 80 38.8 - 0.3
of Crude Analysis
rway) Crude
= 36.3
= 1.0
= 0.21
= +20.0
= 42.48
100 0F = 5.1= 14.5
2 Vol% = 1.0
Para Naph Arom C. Res P.Pt An. Pt.(Vol%) (Vol%) (Vol%) (wt%) (0F) (0F)
3 - - - -24 56.52 29.52 - 13.96 -
- - 13.1 - 146.2
- - -0.08 -25 165.3
- - - 4.0 -85 -
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Slide No: 10
NNPC Graduate Programme
Evaluation C
Evaluation Curves for 32 0API Interm
Method
urves
ediate-Base crude of K = 11-.65
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 11
NNPC Graduate Programme
General Properties Analysis
General Laboratory PVT Anal
Determine Properties Such a
Specific Gravity (60/60 0F
API Gravity (@ 60 0F) p
Water Content (BS&W) %
Kinetic Viscosity (@ 100
Pour Point
Gas-Oil Ratio
Total Acid Gas Number
Sulfur Content (% WT)
Method
sis
:
)
0API
Vol.
0F) (cp)
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 12
NNPC Graduate Programme
PVT CRUDE
Method
IL ANALYSIS
of Crude Analysis
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Slide No: 13
NNPC Graduate Programme Crude Oi
General Classification
Paraffin Base
Intermediate Base
Naphthene Base
Cannot be Used for Crude Exhibiting
Basis Classification
ifferent Characteristics for Different Ends
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Slide No: 14
NNPC Graduate Programme
USBM Hempel Distillation Classificatio
Uses Hempel Distillation to Classif
Key Fractions
Key Fraction 1
Boiling Point p 4820F - 5 At atmospheric Press
Lighter End (Petrol)
Key Fraction 2
Boiling Point p 5270
F - 57 At 40mm Abs. Press
Heavy End (Lube)
Crude Oi
Crude into :
70F
0
F
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 15
NNPC Graduate Programme
USBM Hempel Distillation Classificati
Both Fractions are Tested for API
General Classification Bases
Paraffin, Intermediate & Napht
Key Fraction 2 is Tested for Cloud
Naming of Crude Base:
Key Fraction 1 Base Named Fi
Wax Bearing p If k-2 Cloud
Wax Free p If k-2 Cloud PoiExample
Paraffin-Intermediate-Wax Free
Petrol Portion p Paraffin
Lube Portion p Intermediate
Heavy Portion p Wax Free
Crude Oi
n
hene
Point
rst B4 Key Fraction 2 Base
oint " 5 0F
t 5 0F
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 16
NNPC Graduate Programme
Numerical Correlation IndicesAn Index that Classifies Crude Base
Characterisation Factor
Developed by Watson, Nelson &
Used for Both Crude and Refine
= Molar Average Boiling Point
= Specific Gravity at 60 0F
= Crude Characterisation Facto
= Normal Boiling Point Temper
KK
33 460!! BB
TTK
BT
KK
BT
Crude Oi
ith a Number
Murphy
d Products
emperature in 0R
ature in 0F
KK
33 460!! BB
TTK
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 17
NNPC Graduate Programme
Numerical Correlation Indices
Values of 12.5 or Higher Indicate a CHighly Aromatic Crude Have Charac
Petrol: K $ 12.8; Kerosene: K $ 11.
Large K
High API
High Tendency Towards Petrol
More Paraffin
Small K
Low API
More Aromatics
Viscosity p K q Q o
Used to Correlate Both Crude Oil an
Crude Oi
rude Predominantly Paraffinic.erization Factors of 10.0 or Less.
4; Diesel: K $ 11.4
Refined Products
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 18
NNPC Graduate Programme
USBM Hempel Fractio
Crude Oi
s/Characteristic Factor
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 19
NNPC Graduate Programme
Correlation IndexHas Been Used by USDOE for
= Crude Specific Gravity at 60
= Crude Avg. Normal Boiling
Low IC p Indicates Paraffin
IC = 0 p Purely Paraffin
High IC p Highly Aromatic
IC = 100 p Purely B
B
C
TI
875558.4657.473 ! K
BT
K
Crude Oi
rude from ALL Fields in the US
F
oint Temp. in 0R
nzene
B
C
TI
875558.4657.473 ! K
Basis Classification
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Slide No: 20
NNPC Graduate Programme
Properties of Pe
Reservoir Crude Sampling MethodsWireline Sampling Methods
Surface Sampling Collection
Information From Fluid Sampling
Solution GOR
STO GOR
Separated GOR at Different
Phases Volume
FVF
Bubble Point Pressure Oil Viscosity
STO API
Saturated Reservoir Fluid Co
Casing Head Gas Fraction A
Reservoir Fluid Fraction Ana
roleum Crude and Products
ressure
mpressibility
alysis
ysis
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Slide No: 21
NNPC Graduate Programme
Assay
Laboratory Analysis Using Chro
Determines
API Gravity
Reid Vapor Pressure
Pour PointWater and Sediment Content
Salt Content
Sulfur content
Hydrogen Sulfide Content
Normally Furnished to Customer
Properties of Pe
atograph and True Boiling Point Distillation
and Transporters
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 22
NNPC Graduate Programme
Gas Oil RatioSolution GOR
Gas Dissolved in Oil
Quantity Limited Only by P
Amount of Gas in Reservoir Fl
Unit: SCF/STB
Depends on:
Composition of Gas and C
Compositions ApproachinPres
Pressure o GOR o @ Cons
Temp. o GOR q @ Const.
Average GOR
GOR for a Period Per Day
Cumulative GOR
GOR for a Period
Properties of Pe
ressure and Quantity of Gas Available
id
ude
One another ; GOR o @ Const. Temp &
. Temp.
Press
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 23
NNPC Graduate Programme
Gas Oil Ratio
Produced GOR Produced Gas per Produced S
Depends on:
Composition: More Lighter
Separator Pressure o GOR
Separator Temp. o GOR o S
Uses of GOR
Indicates Fluid Composition
GOR o Lighter Ends o
Crude Saturation
Saturated Crude
Gives Out Gas Upon Press
Under Saturated
Gives Out No Gas Upon Pre
Properties of Pe
O
End;GORo
@ Const. Temp
O q
eduction
ssure Reduction
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 24
NNPC Graduate Programme
API Gravity
Basic Formula
Relationship with Other Properties
Molar Mass - Fig 1-1
API o Molar Mass q
Specific Heat/Total Heat - Fig 1-11
API o Specific Heat o
% Crude Distilled - Fig 1-13
API o % Distilled o
% Distilled o API of % Distilled q
Mean Boiling Point - Fig 1-10
API o MBP q
Viscosity - Fig 1-12
API o QO q
5.1315.1410 !
o
APIK
Properties of Pe
Fig 1-10
Crude Oil and Condensate PropertiesAPI Correlation
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 25
NNPC Graduate Programme
ViscosityAbility of Fluid to Flow
Units:
Saybolt Universal Seconds(SUS)
Represented by tSU
Centipoise (cp)
Represented by QO
Basic Formula
SU
SU
O
O
tt
7.149219.0 !
K
Properties of Pe
Fig 1-11a
Specific Heat and Heat Content Vs API Curve
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 26
NNPC Graduate Programme
Fig 1-12
Relationship Between Viscosity
and Temp of Fluids of Different API
Properties of Pe
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 27
NNPC Graduate Programme
Fig 1-13Evaluation Curves of Intermediate-Base
Crude of Characterization Factor 11.8
Properties of Pe
roleum Crude and Products
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Slide No: 29
NNPC Graduate Programme
ests for Pet
No Property Test1. Gravity ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Petroleum Crude and Products
2. Hydrocarbon Distribution ASTM D 86 Distillation of Petroleum Products
3. Salt ASTM D 3230 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)
4. Sediments and/or Water ASTM D 96 Sediment & Water of Oil by Centrifuge Method
5. Sulfur ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petro. Prod.(General Bomb Method)
6. Surfactant-Flow Improver Field Desorption - Mass Spectrometry
7. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure for Petro. Prod. (Reid Method)
8. Metals Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy
9. Neutralization Number Acid Number of Petro. Prod. By Potentiometric Titration
ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials
oleum Crude and Products
No Property Test1. Gravity ASTM D 287 API Gravity of Petroleum Crude and Products
2. Hydrocarbon Distribution ASTM D 86 Distillation of Petroleum Products
3. Salt ASTM D 3230 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)
4. Sediments and/or Water ASTM D 96 Sediment & Water of Oil by Centrifuge Method
5. Sulfur ASTM D 129 Sulfur in Petro. Prod.(General Bomb Method)
6. Surfactant-Flow Improver Field Desorption - Mass Spectrometry
7. Vapor Pressure Vapor Pressure for Petro. Prod. (Reid Method)
8. Metals Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy
9. Neutralization Number Acid Number of Petro. Prod. By Potentiometric Titration
ASTM - American Society of Testing Materials
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Slide No: 30
NNPC Graduate ProgrammeTy
Types of Crude Oil
Li uid Petroleum
Consists Larger Hydrocarbon Molecul
Petroleum Oil
Low Shrinkage Oil
Separator Pressure and Temperat
Little Amount of gas Bubbles Out
Low Surface GOR ( 500 scf/stb) High Viscosity
Low API 300
80% of Product Remain as Li uid
es of Crude Oil
s
re Close to its Bubble Point
t Separator Condition
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Slide No: 31
NNPC Graduate Programme
High Shrinkage Oil
Separator Pressure and Tem
High Amount of Gas Bubble
Medium Surface GOR 800
Retrograde Condensate
Separator Pressure and TemRegion While Reservoir Con
Ty
perature Quite Below Bubble Point
Out
scf/stb
perature Within Fluid Two-Phaseition in Gas Phase
es of Crude Oil
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Slide No: 32
NNPC Graduate ProgrammeTy
es of Crude Oil