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“Nutritional constraint to dairy production in the
Andes”
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA
Carlos A. Gómez, PhD
Presented at U.Bonn on 11th July 2003
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UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AGRARIA LA MOLINA
Main campus in Lima with 3 main research sites in the Coast, Highlands and Tropical Forest
4200 Students (85 % Undergraduates/15 % MSc level)AgronomyFood technologyAgricultural engineeringForest ScienceRural EconomyEnvironmental SciencesBiologyAnimal Science
Last year we had 100 aniversary
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ANIMAL SCIENCE STUDIES
Offers a BSc program of five years in Animal Science ( 50 students finish yearly) and a MSc program (50 students enrolled regulary)
Teaching staff of 52 among them 18 professor
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Two research groups involved in Ruminant Nutritionand pasture utilization
A.-Profs. Enrique Florez and Lucrecia Aguirre
1 Associated professor6 MSc students/ 4 BSc honors dissertation
Grassland ecology
Pasture-ruminant interactions in the andes
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B.-Prof. Carlos Gomez
2 Associated professors/1 research associate5 MSc students/ 6 BSc honors dissertation
Beef and dairy nutrition in pasture and intensive production systems
- Intensive: Nutritional evaluation of agroindustrial byproducts and cultivated forages/ Feeding strategies for small dairy producers
- Pasture: Developing of appropriate feeding strategies in andes pastures (Cultivated and natural)
Research supported by FAO-IAEA, ILRI, IDRC(Canada)
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Natural regions in Peru
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Highlands have potential for:
Cropping (Potato, cereals) 4 million Has
Cultivated pastures 2 million Has
Native pastures 20 million Has
Weather (seasonal precipitation and frost) and altitude contraints
Mining is the principal economic activity at present
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Milk production in Peru grows up around 4% annually, due to the increased domestic demand for dairy products which are made of imported milk on aprox. 50%.
Low intake of milk and derived products (42 kg percapita yearly)
Three predominant systems: Coast Highlands
Mixed/crop Pastoral
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Costal low performance dairy production
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Milk sold to milk buyers
16%
Milk sold to industrial
plants21%
Informal milk use63%
>40 Ha5%
20-40 Ha5%
<5 Ha59%
5 - 20 Ha31%
Structure of milk-producing farm types (in Ha) and market destination for milk in Peru
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DAIRY CATTLE POPULATION AND MILK PRODUCTION IN PERU (1990 - 1999)
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Years
Milking cows (Units) Milk production (TM)
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Milk production in main regions of Peru
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Agriculture limited by:
Frost events Temperature Water supply
Slope
Andean crops (potatoes, Quinua, Corn)
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Dairy in mixed farm systems (2500-3400 masl)Dairy production and beef prefattening
Utilization of agricultural byproducts (barley straw, maize stover) and cultivated pastures (alfalfa, rye grass
trifolium)B.Swiss, Holstein Genotype
2000-4000 kg of milk per lactation
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Main issues
* Evaluation of appropriate strategies to improve nutritive value of agricultural byproducts and overcome dry season effects
* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)
* Genotype-environment interaction
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Dairy in cultivated pastures (2500-4000 masl)
BSwiss genotype (1-3 head/ha)2000-4000 kg/milk/lactation
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Growthperiod Protein Fiber Protein Fiber
Phenology weeks % % % %
Preflowering 2 - 4. 23 21 18 23
Preflowering 5 - 8. 19 22 13 23
Pre flowering 9 - 10. 17 22 11 24
Flowering 11 - 12. 15 23 10 24
Rye grass ingles / trifolium Rye grass ingles
Chemical composition (% D.M.) of rye grass x trifolium pasture
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Change of native to cultivated pasture
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DM Protein Fat Cz Fiber ELN% % % % % %
Rye grass english 17 20 5 22
Rye grass english + trifolium white 15 22 5 21
Rye grass italian 17 17 4 19
Rye grass italian + trifolium white 13 24 4 18
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Fertilization strategies
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Rye GrassxTrifoium pasture growth under P Fertilization
0.005.00
10.0015.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.0045.00
Kg DM./ha/day0 kg P2O5/ha
80 kg P2O5/ ha
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Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye Phosphorous content (%) in pasture Rye grass / Trifoliumgrass / Trifolium
Díaz, 2001
With P Without P(80 kg P2O5/ha)
Rainy 0.47 0.45
Dry 0.38 0.35
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Fertilization with phosphorous: Fertilization with phosphorous: Nutritive value of Rye grass / Nutritive value of Rye grass /
Trifolium Trifolium
Díaz, 2001
Rainy Dry Rainy DryRumen degradabilityO. matter (%) 59.6 48.1 60.2 49
Protein, % 19 16.7 19.1 14.9
With P (80 kg P2O5/ha) Without P
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Main issues
* Evaluation of improved pasture species different to available at present including rzyobium
* Selection of appropriate grazing strategies(Stocking rate/grazing pressure)
* Evaluation of supplementary feeding (concentrates-cultivated forage for silage making)
* Genotype-environment interaction
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Dairy in native pastures (4000-4300 masl)
Criollo X B.Swiss genotype (0.2-0.4 head/ha)Suckling calf + 400-800 kg/milk/lactation
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Native pasture includes 10-20 species. No possibility for other cropp sucesfully
Land use mostly under comunal management
Strong effect of dry vs rainy season of the year on productivity and nutritive value
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Vicugna
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Protein and mineral content of native Protein and mineral content of native pasturespastures
Average Range Average RangeProtein, % 9.15 4.9 - 26.8 4.32 1.7 - 7.6Calcium, % 0.44 0.12 - 3.03 0.28 0.07 - 1.8Phosphorus, % 0.22 0.11 - 0.43 0.068 0.02 - 0.24Copper, ppm 5.9 1.5 - 14.1 3.13 1.7 - 9.2Cobalt, ppm 0.21 0.04 - 0.83 0.2 0.07 - 0.64Manganese, ppm 203 34 - 841 73 14 - 135Molibdenum, ppm 0.11 0.02 - 0.35 0.25 0.06 - 0.42
SeasonRainy Dry
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Deteriorating effects of mining on pastures in the highlands
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Main issues
* Dry season undernutrition/Nutrition-reproductive performance interaction
Multinutrient supplementation Utilization of block Urea-molasses-Minerals Strategic use of cultivated pastures to complement animals during certain times of the year
* Soil conservation (Overgrazing) Development of apropriate stocking rate and grazing management
* Genotype-environment interaction
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Danke schoen----------
Muchas gracias