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NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA and RNA)
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
•DNA controls all living processes including
production of new cells – cell division
•DNA carries the genetic code – stores and
transmits genetic information from one
generation to the next•Chromosomes are made of DNA
•DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell
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!e distribution o" nucleic acids
in t!e eu#aryotic cell
• DNA is found in the nucleus$it! small amounts in mitoc!ondria and c!loro%lasts
• RNA is found throughout the cell
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Model of DNA:
•The model was developed !&atson and Cric# in "#$%&
•The! received a nobel %ri'e in "#'(for their wor)&
•The model loo)s li)e a twisted
ladder – double !elix&
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Died in *
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*il)ins + ,ran)lin -"#$(.: /0ra!
cr!stallograph!
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1ntwisted it
loo)s li)e
this:
• The sides of the ladder are:
2 3 %!os%!ate
4 3 sugar molecule
• The ste%s of the ladder are C5 65 T5 A 3
nitrogenous bases
-Nitrogenous means containing the
element nitrogen&.
A 3 Adenine
T 3 !ymine
A alwa!s pairs with T in DNA
C 3 Cytosine
6 3 +uanine
C alwa!s pairs with 6 in DNA Nucleotide
(A%%les are asty)
(Coo#ies are +ood)
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• 7t is the order of these base %airs that determines
genetic ma#eu%
• 8ne %!os%!ate 9 one sugar 9 one base 3 one nucleotide
• Nucleotides are the building bloc#s of DNA –
thus5 each strand of DNA is a string ofnucleotides
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NUCLEIC ACID SRUCURE
• Nucleic acids are %olynucleotides
• Their uilding loc)s are nucleotides
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N1C;8T7D; 4TR1CT1R;
,-.S,AE SU+AR
Riose or
Deox!riose
NUCLE.IDE
BASE
PURINES PYRIMIDINES
Adenine (A)Guanine(G)
Cytocine (C)Thymine (T)
Uracil (U)
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Riose is a pentose
C1
C5
C4
C3 C2
O
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RI/.SE DE.01RI/.SE
C-.-
-
.-
C
C
.- .-
C
.
- --
C
C-.-
-
.-
C
C
.- -
C
.
- --
C
4pot the difference
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-E SU+AR2,-.S,-AE
/AC3/.NE
• The nucleotides are all orientated in
the same direction
• The phosphate group
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ADDIN+ IN -E /ASES
• The ases are attached
to the "st Caron
• Their order isimportant
7t determines the
genetic information ofthe molecule
,
,
,
,
,
,
+
C
C
A
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DNA IS MADE OF
TWO STRANDS OF
POLYNUCLEOTIDE
P
P
P
P
P
P
C
G
G
T
A
A
P
P
P
P
P
P
G
C
C
A
T
T
Hydroge !od"
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2urines + 2!rimidines
,urines ,yrimidines
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*atson + Cric) =ase pairing
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DNA Replication
•Cell division involving mitosis produces 2
daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and genetically identical to theparent cell
•Remember that for this to happen, DNA inthe parent cell must be replicated (copied)before the cell divides this process occursduring Interphase in the cell cycle
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-ydrogen bonds etween
ase pairs are bro#en ! theen>!me -elicase and DNA
molecule un'i%s
DNA molecule
separates intocom%lementary !alves
4T;2 "
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Nucleotides match up with
complementar! ases
,ree nucleotides aundant in nucleus
4T;2 (
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Ne$ 4trand
.riginal 4trand
Nucleotides are lin)ed into ( new strands of DNA !
the en>!me5 %olymerase ?DNA pol!merase also
%roo"reads for cop!ing errors
4T;2 %
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Diagram Exam%les o" DNA Re%lication4
-@ou could see DNA replication represented different wa!s&.
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RNA ? Ribonucleic Acid
•RNA is a messenger that allows the instruction o"
DNA to e delivered to the rest o" t!e cell
•RNA is different than DNA:
"&The sugar in RNA is ribose the sugar in DNA is
deoxyribose(&RNA is a single strand of nucleotides DNA is a
double strand of nucleotides
%&RNA has Uracil -1. instead of !ymine -T.which is in DNA
B&RNA is found inside and outside of the nucleus
DNA is found only inside the nucleus
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Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing a chec" in theappropriate column#
DNA RNA $oth
Deo%yribose
Ribose double stranded
single stranded
nucleotides
found in nucleus only
found in and out ofnucleus
Cytosine
&uanine
Adenine 'hymine
racil
double heli%
replication