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Soils IntroSoils IntroUSDA Natural Resources
Conservation Service
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Take an apple
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Have it represent represent the Earth
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Cut out and save …
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¼ of the ¼ of the appleapple
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This much represents l d land area.
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Now cut that slice in half,
d k and keep one piece.one piece.
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This much represents
h where people live.people live.
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C t th t i i Cut that piece in quarters and qkeep one ¼. This
t th represents the amount of soil amount of soil where food can be grown.
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This is 3% (1/32) of the Earth’s the Earth’s surface.
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We Study Soil Because It’s A(n)
Great integratorMedium of crop
Snapshot of geologic, climatic,
Producer and
production
Waste decomposer
,biological, and human history
andabsorber of gases
M di
Waste decomposer
Source Medium for plant growth
Source material for construction, medicine, art, tHome to
organisms(plants, animals and others)
etc.
Filter of water and and others)wastesEssential natural resource
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Five Soil Forming FactorsgParent MaterialBiota
Topography Climate
(The first four factors over) Time
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Glacial Till Parent Material
Sutton Series
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Glaciofluvial Parent Material
Manchester Series
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Alluvium Parent Material
Hadley Series
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Glaciolacustrine Parent Material
Scitico Series
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Organic Parent Materialg
Natchaug Series
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Disturbed Parent Material
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Soil Parent Material
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Soil ColorMunsell Notation
H V l ChHue Value Chroma
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Redox ConcentrationsPore linings on root channeloo c a e
andped surface
Fe massin matrixped surface in matrix
Soft Fe/Mn Hard Fe/Mn
Nodule in matrix
Soft Fe/Mnaccumulations
Hard Fe/Mnaccumulations
Modules Concretions
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Redox Depletionsp
A. No redox depletions.B. Fe depletions along ped surfaces.
A. No redox depletions.
Fe(II)in Matrix
Clay inMatrix
C Cl d l i l d fC. Clay depletions along ped surfaces.
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A Soil Profile
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Soil Structure - With Structure
G ranu larB locky
(A l )(S b l ) (A ngular)(S ubangular)
P la ty
W edge
C olum narP rism atic
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Soil Structure – Without Structure
Single Grain MassiveSingle Grain Massive
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USDA Textural Triangleg
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Landscape Factorsp
• Depth to bedrock• Depth to bedrock• Depth to water table• Flooding vs. ponding vs. high water table• Erosion &water quality concerns• Erosion &water quality concerns• Human influence• Distribution and extent
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Soil Catenas of Connecticut
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Soil Classification
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Why Classify Soils?y y
• C t i f l l b d • Create meaningful classes based on common properties or behavior
• Organize knowledge and simplify d i i ki decision-making
• Remove unneeded classes from consideration
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Two Major Classificationsj C
• Technical– grouping soils by properties that relate to a
specific use – grouping for land-use regulation or law
• N t l S i tifi• Natural or Scientific– grouping for most important physical,
h i l d bi l i l i i h chemical, and biological properties without reference to any specified use
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Technical Soil Classification
Drainage ClassClass
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Technical Soil Classification
C i Connecticut Wetland Wetland Soils
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Natural or Scientific ClassificationS
Soil Taxonomyy• Organize knowledge about soil relationships• Group soils similar in genesis• Group soils similar in genesis• Facilitate communications• Agriculture based system• Based on soil formation processes p
(not parent materials)
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History of Soil Taxonomy in the U.S.y y
Historical Perspectivep• Russian soil scientist Dokuchaev, 1883• C F Marbut USDA 1927• C.F. Marbut, USDA, 1927• Many changes over the years until current
d d i 1965 i i system was adopted in 1965 – recognizing soils as natural bodies; based on easily
ifi d h i l h i l d bi l i l verified chemical, physical, and biological soil properties.
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Criteria Used in Soil Taxonomyy
• Chemical, physical, and biological Chemical, physical, and biological properties (such as moisture, temperature texture structure pH soil temperature, texture, structure, pH, soil depth)
• Presence or absence of certain diagnostic horizons (surface and subsurface (horizons)
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Soil Taxonomy Systemy yPhylum: Order (12) – Most general, based on soil forming processes
Cl S b d (68) B d i il i i i il f i ( li )Class: Suborders (68) – Based on similarities in soil formation (climate)
Subclass: Great Groups (>300) – Based on differences between soil horizons (diagnostic horizons)g
Order: Subgroups (>2,400) – Profile characteristics
Family: Family (>7,000) – Based on properties that effect management, especially root penetration
Genus: Series (>23,000) – Most specific, based on kind and arrangement of horizons
Species: Phase – Field mapping units (stony, slope), not a category in soil taxonomy
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Series = Windsor (state soil)
Mixed, mesicFamily Subgroup
Typic UdipsammentsFamily
(Mixed mineralogy,Mean annual temp 8 –15c)
Subgroup(Reflects central concept) SubOrder
(Sandy)
Order(Entisol)
GreatGroup
(Humid climate)
(Entisol)
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12 Soil Orders
• Entisol
http://soils.usda.gov/technical/classification/orders/
• Inceptisol• Andisols• Spodosolsp• Mollisols• Alfisols• Ultisols• Ultisols• Oxisols• Aridisols• Vertisols• Histosols• Gelisols
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MollisolsFertile soils
ith d k with dark colored surface
horizons high in organic matterorganic matter.
Usually form under grassland.
Connecticut has two mapped mollisols. They are very poorly
Orders that occur in Connecticut
drained. 7% of the world’s ice-
free land surface.
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SpodosolspSoils formed
from weathering h processes that
strip organic matter and
aluminum with or aluminum, with or without iron, from
the surface layer and deposit them and deposit them
in the subsoil. Spodosols tend to
be acidic and
Orders that occur in C ti t
unfertile. Rare in Connecticut. 4% of the world’s ice-free
Connecticut land surface.
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InceptisolspSoils of
semiarid to h d humid
environments with only moderate moderate
degrees of weathering
and soil and soil development.
The most common soil
Orders that occur in Connecticut
order in Connecticut.
17% of the world’s ice-free
land surface.
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Entisols
S il ith Soils with little or no
evidence of horizon of horizon
development.Found on
dunes, ,floodplains
and steep slopes.
Orders that occur in Connecticut
16% of the world’s ice-
free land surface.
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Histosols
Soils with high organic
matter and no permafrost.
Most are saturated year round and are found in bogs,
swamps, etc. 1% f th
Orders that occur in Connecticut
1% of the world’s ice-
free land surfaceConnecticut surface.
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Aquic Conditions
Identifying the aquic moisture
q
y g qregime requires that soils
1) are saturated2) are reduced2) are reduced3) have redoximorphic features3) have redoximorphic features
• redox concentrations• redox depletionsredox depletions
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Soil Saturation
When soils are saturated, soils pores fill with water and anaerobic conditions (lack of free oxygen) exist.
When these conditions exist during the growing season iron, manganese, and sulfur gare reduced by soil micro-organisms.
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Indicators of S t tiSaturation
Low Oxygen Carbon (muck)Low Oxygen
Iron and
Carbon (muck) accumulation
Iron and Manganese
iRedoximorphic FeaturesReduction
S lf
Features
R dSulfur Rotten egg odor
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Aquic Conditions and Soil Drainage ClassDrainage Class
• National criteria are required to meet aquic q qclassifications in soil taxonomy
D i l l ll i d • Drainage classes are locally assigned classifications based on conditions and
li iapplications
• In Connecticut, soils that have an aquic In Connecticut, soils that have an aquic suborder are considered poorly or very poorly draineddrained
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Series = Whitman Fine Sandy LoamyLoamy, mixed, active, acid mesic shallow
Typic Humaqueptsacid, mesic, shallow
(Family) (Subgroup)
Suborder
Order
Great GroupGreat Group
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Mineral vs. Organic Wetland Soilsg
Some wetland soils are mineral soils, some are organic soils, and some are mineral soils with organic surface layers e a so s w o ga c s ace aye s (histic epipedons).
As a general rule, mineral soil material in Connecticut has less than 12% organic Connecticut has less than 12% organic carbon by weight.
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Organic Soils Organic Soils
Organic soil material has greater than 12% organic carbon by weight. In Connecticut, if a soil is an organic soil it is also a wetland soil.
Natchaug seriesNatchaug seriesLoamy, mixed, euic, mesic
Terric Haplosaprists
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Classification of Connecticut wetland soilswetland soils
• Most have aquic soil conditions at or near qthe soil surface (Aquents, Aquepts, etc.)
Al i l d d fl d l i d ll i l • Also included are flood plain and alluvial soils of any drainage class (Fluvents, Fl ) Fluvaquents, etc.)
• All Histosols in Connecticut are wetland soils (Haplosaprists, Sulfihemists, etc)
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Questions?Q