Notebook set-up
Composition Book
Table of contentsPage
1Nuclear Processes
Standard 11:The Nuclear Process
(chapter 25)
Chemistry.Ms. Siddall.
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Standard 11:The Nuclear Process(chapter 25)
vocabulary
Title page
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Vocabulary
1. Isotope2. Radioactivity3. Radioactive decay4. Radioisotope5. Transmutation6. Fission7. Fusion8. Half life
9. Radiation 10.Ionizing radiation 11.Alpha particle 12.Beta particle13.Positron 14.Gamma ray15.Transuranium element
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Standard 11:The Nuclear Process(chapter 25)
vocabulary
Title page
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1. Isotope: an atom with….
The atom.
Proton Neutron
Inside the nucleusOutside the nucleus
electronsNUCLEONS
charge = +1
charge = 0
charge = -1mass
= 1
mass = 0
Review & Preview
1
notes
2
Date:Topic:Objective:
Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom
Study question 1
• Complete the table
Charge massprotonneutronelectro
n
1
Study questions
2
Date:Topic:Objective:
Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom
Charge mass
proton
neutron
electron
Study question 1
+1
Atomic symbol:• Example: 14-carbon.
• Example: 235-Uranium
C14
6Protons
Protons & neutrons
U235
92Protons
Protons & neutrons
* Atoms are ranked by number of protons on the periodic table = atomic number
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Additional notes and questions
2
Date:Topic:Objective:
Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom
Charge mass
proton
neutron
electron
Study question 1
+1
Atomic symbols
Example: 14-carbon
Study question 2
The atom is made up of three particles…. The first particle is…The atomic symbol describes the number of …
study question 2
1. What is the complete atomic symbol for 25-Magnesium?
2. How many neutrons are in this atom? (show your work)
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Page summary
2
Date:Topic:Objective:
Inside nucleus outside nucleusParts of the atom
Charge mass
proton
neutron
electron
Study question 1
+1
Atomic symbols
Example: 14-carbon
Study question 2
The atom is made up of three particles…. The first particle is…The atomic symbol describes the number of …
Isotope: atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
• Example:
U92235
92 protons & 146 neutrons
92 protons & 143
neutrons
238U92
study question 3
• What are the similarities and differences between a 14-Carbon isotope and a 13-Carbon isotope?
Standard 11a: The Strong Nuclear Force
NEWS FLASH: All atoms with more than one proton must contain the same or greater number of neutrons.
The Strong Nuclear Force.• holds nucleons together.• much stronger than
electromagnetic repulsion.• extremely short range • the strongest force known (so far!)
study question 4
• Explain how protons are held together in the nucleus even though the positive charges repel each other.
Standard 11bEnergy and Types of Nuclear
Reactions
A Nuclear Reaction.• Produces about 1 million times more
energy than a chemical reaction.• energy released can be calculated
using
E = mc2
m = massc = speed of light = 3x108 m/s
study question 5
1. Which is more powerful?a. A chemical reactionb. A nuclear reaction
2. How is the energy of a nuclear reaction measured?
Fission: • A large nucleus is hit with a small particle
and splits into two or more smaller atoms.• examples: nuclear energy & nuclear
bombs (235-U is hit with a neutron)
Fusion: • Two small particles collide to form one
larger particle• Examples: thermonuclear bombs & the sun
(2 hydrogen atoms combine to form helium)
study question 6 Name the following processes:
1. Two small particles collide to form a larger particle
2. A large particle breaks apart after being hit by a small particle
Fission of Uranium in a nuclear reactor.
Nuclear Fusion.
study question 7
1. Which reaction is used for nuclear power?
2. Which is used in nuclear bombs?
3. Which powers the sun?
Radioactive Decay.•All atoms have at least one radioisotope (unstable isotope) that emits radiation.
•example = hydrogen.
1H
3
H2H
Radioisotope!
3H -1e + 3He
Radiation
Radioactive decay
3H
-1eRadiation
3He
study question 8
• Which atoms have unstable radioisotopes?
Unstable Isotopes• Out of 1500 isotopes only 154 are stable• Some isotopes take a fraction of a
second to decay, some take billions of years.
• All man made isotopes are radioactive. – e.x. Rf, Db
– They do not exist in nature because they have very short half lives.
study question 9• Name 3 atoms that are not found
in nature.
Radioactive decay• Parent isotope = radioisotope that
decays• Daughter isotope = result of parent
isotope decay (could also be radioisotope).
• Example: 238Pu 234U + 4Heparent daughter
RADIATION
study question 10
For the following reaction label:1. The parent isotope2. The daughter isotope3. The radiation
3H 3He + +1e
Standard 11c & 11d:Radiation & Effects.
There are 3 types of radiation:1. Alpha decay α• Produces alpha particle
= α = 4He (helium nucleus)• Ionizing energy• Short range• Can be stopped with thick clothing
or thick paper• Example: 240Pu 236U + 4He
study question 11
• Write the equation for the spontaneous alpha decay of 238-U
2. Beta Decay: β• Produces beta particle
= high energy electron= β = -1e or +1e (positron)
• Ionizing energy• Longer range• Can be stopped with metal foil• Example: 14C 14N + -1 β
study question 12
• Write the equation for 66- copper undergoing spontaneous beta (-1e) emission
3. Gamma decay: ɣ – Produces gamma ray
= ɣ = high energy photon.– Ionizing energy.– Very long range.– Nothing stops gamma rays entirely.– Concrete or lead offer good
protection.
– Example: 60Co 60Ni + -1e + ɣ
study question 13
1. Which is the most penetrating form of radiation?
2. Why?
Standard 11f: Half life
• Half-Life = The time it takes for ½ of a radioactive sample to decay.
• The rate of decay never changes.• Example: carbon-14 has a ½ life of 5,715
years.• After 5,715 years ½ of all 14-carbon
atoms have undergone radioactive decay
5715 years pass
Anot
her 57
15 y
ears
pas
s
Half-Life
Carbon dating
study question 14
• A body containing 0.25g 14-carbon is discovered. How old is it? (a live person contains 1.0g 14-carbon.)
Example: How much of a 100g sample of 222Rn is left after 12 days? (½ life = 4
days)• How many half-lives is that?
3• After 4 days you have…
50g• After 8 days you have…
25g• After 12 days you have…
12.5g
study question 15
• 3-hydrogen has a half life of 12 years. How much of a 20mg sample would be left after 48 years?
Example: 1.00g 210-Po is re-examined after 276 days. Only 0.25g remain. What is the ½ life of 210-Po?
• How many ½ lives elapse?• 1.00g 1 ½ life • 0.5g 1 ½ life 0.25g• 2 ½ lives• 2 ½ lives = 276 days• 1 ½ life = 138 days
study question 16
• The ½ life of 238-Uranium is about 5 billion years. If approximately half of all 238-Uranium on earth has already decayed, how old is the earth?