Download - Nos Windows
Sistemas Operativos de Red (SOR)Sistemas Operativos de Red (SOR)Network Operating Systems (NOS)Network Operating Systems (NOS)
Prof. Rubén Álvaro González BenítezProf. Rubén Álvaro González Benítez
Universidad VeracruzanaUniversidad VeracruzanaMéxicoMéxico
09/04/23
NOS
Architectures Required Services Client NOS Server NOS Examples
Architecture
Peer-to-Peer vs. Client/Server Required Services Client NOS Server NOS
GOLDMAN: CSIS FIG. 09-03
Peer-to-Peer
All workstations are loaded with the same peer-to-peer network operating system. Each workstation is configured as service requester (client), service provider (server), or both.
Client/Server
Client workstations are loaded with specialized client software. Server computers are loaded with specialized server software designed to be compatible with client software.
Printer Server File Server with gateway to other networks.
to other LANs
Peer-to-peer
GOLDMAN: CSIS FIG. 09-03
Peer-to-Peer
All workstations are loaded with the same peer-to-peer network operating system. Each workstation is configured as service requester (client), service provider (server), or both.
Client/Server
Client workstations are loaded with specialized client software. Server computers are loaded with specialized server software designed to be compatible with client software.
Printer Server File Server with gateway to other networks.
to other LANs
Client/Server
APPLICATION
SERVICES
DIRECTORY
SERVICES
INTEGRATION/MIGRATION
SERVICES
Database back-end
engines
Messaging/communication
back-end engines
SUPPORT FOR:
32-bit symmetrical
multiprocessing
Preemptive multitasking
Applications run in
protected memory mode
Multithreading
Global directory or naming
services
All network objects defined
in single location and
shared by all applications
Directory information is
stored in replicated,
distributed databases for
reliability, redundancy,
fault tolerance
Allow multiple different
client network operating
systems to transparently
interoperate with multiple
different server network
operating systems
Provide easy-to-implement
paths for upgrades to
more-recent versions or
migration to different
network operating systems
Required Services
Client NOS
Capabilities OS capabilities Peer-to-peer networking capabilities capabilities of communicating with different
server NOS
Client NOS
OS capabilities 32 bit OS
real-mode device drivers vs. Virtual device drivers direct vs indirect hardware addressing and controlling
Preemptive multitasking Protected memory space Support for symmetrical multiprocessing Multithreading Plug-n-play (PnP)
interrupt setting, DMA channel, memory address, etc.
Client NOS
Peer-to-Peer Networking Capabilities File sharing Printer sharing
Client NOS
Networking capabilities Network Client to Multiple Servers
MAC protocol - ODI (Open Data Link Interface) network transport protocol network redirectors
Remote Access Windows NT RAS Netware Connect
dial-up server remote node server
Server NOS
File Services Printer Services Application services Directory services Integration and migration services Management and administration services Security services Networking and connectivity services
Window NT
Structure Two parts
user mode (protected subsystems) kernel mode (NT executive)
Logon process
Applications
Protected subsystems
(servers)
NT executive
OS/2 client
Win32 client
Posix client
Security subsystem
OS/2 subsystem
Win 32 subsystem
Posix subsystem
User mode
Kernel mode
Message passing
System trap
Hardware manipulation
Object
manager
Security
reference monitor
Process manager
Local procedure
call facility
Virtual
memory manager
I/O manager
File systemsCache manager
Device driversNetwork drivers
Kernel
Hardware abstraction layer
Hardware
System services
The Windows NT Kernel Architecture
Windows NT
Protected Subsystems provides APIs that application programs can
call When an application calls a API, a message is
sent to the subsystem that implements that API routine via NT’s local procedure call (LPC).
Windows NT
Two types of protected subsystems environment subsystems
a user mode subsystem that provides an API specific to an OS Win32 subsystem
makes 32-bit Windows API available to application programs provides Windows NT GUI controls all user input and application output
Other subsystems OS/2, 16-bit Windows, and MS-DOS subsystem These system provides APIs but use the Win32 subsystem to
receive user input and to display output
Windows NT
Two types of protected subsystems internal subsystems
security subsystems runs in user mode and records the security policies in effect on
the local computer maintains a database of information about user accounts, any
special privileges the user owns. Accepts user logon information and initiates logon authentication
networking system subsystem workstation service
implements an API to access and manage the LAN Manager redirector
server service implements an API to access and manage the LAN Manager
server
Windows NT
NT Executive consists of components each component has two sets of functions
system services environment subsystems and other executive
components can call internal routines
available only to components within the executive.
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Object
manager
Security
reference
monitor
Process
manager
Local
procedure
call
facility
Virtual
memory
manager
I/O manager
File systems
Cache manager
Device drivers
Network drivers
Kernel
System Services
Kernel
Window NT
Hardware Abstraction Layer (HAL) places a layer of code between the NT executive and
the hardware platform on which Windows NT is running.
hides hardware dependent details such as I/O interfaces, interrupt controllers, and multiprocessor communication mechanisms.
NT Executive
Kernel responds to interrupts and exceptions, schedule threads for
execution, synchronization the activities of multiple processors.
Trap a mechanism for halting an executing thread when an
interrupt or exception occurs, storing the execution state of the interrupted thread, and transferring control to code that handles the condition.
How logon process works
Access token determines
which system resources the user’s threads may access
Logon Process
SecuritySystem
Win32 Subsystem
User Mode
Local Procedure Call
info
A Process w/ AccessToken
How a Win32 program starts
Win32Subsystem
User clicks on
Process Manager
Object Manager
Kerneltrap
User Process
Process Manager & I/O Manager
Win32Subsystem
Process Manager
I/O Manager
CreateProcess
CreateFiles
Native Services
The system services provided by individual components
Environment subsystems implement their API routines by calling NT native services
When a subsystem calls an NT native services, hardware detects the call and transfers control to the NT executives.
The service then runs in kernel mode
Hardware Abstraction Layer
I/O manager
File systemsCache manager
Device driversNetwork drivers
Kernel
System Services
Kernel
OS/2Subsystem
Win32SS
I/O File Systems
I/O system uses an asynchronous I/O model
Support Multiple file systems FAT HPFA (high performance file system) NTFS (NT file system)
extends the capabilities of both FAT and HPFA
NOVELL NetWare
Performance Fault Tolerance NDS File System Security Network Printer
Performance
Directory Caching the process of copying DET and FAT from disk to a file
server’s memory Directory Hashing
the process of indexing the memory-based DET File Caching
it allows a server to store the heavily used files in its memory
Fault Tolerance
Read-after-Write Verification Hot Fix
is dynamic bad block remapping enables disk media defect detection on the fly
Disk Mirring Disk Duplexing Transaction Tracking System
NDS (Name Directory Services)
is a list of objects that represent network resources, such as users, servers, printers, etc.
is physically stored as a set of database files on a server offers benefits, such as
easy of management - integrated management utility single login location-independent resources global management
NDS Objects
Two Types of Objects Container Object Leaf Object
Container Object Root, Organization, Organization Unit
Leaf Object server, user, printer, volume, etc
Object Management
Create and delete NDS objects Move and rename NDS objects Assign rights to objects in the NDS tree Manage properties of objects Group objects Manage inheritance Netware Administrator - GUI-base Utility
NDS Advanced Topics
NDS Replicas keeping NDS running fault tolerance
NDS Partitions partitioning allows you to take a part of the
NDS from one server and put it on another server.
A partition is a logical division of the NDS database
File System
Volume a volume can be mounted or dismounted
Directory Subdirectory File
Netware
Security NDS Security
Object Right - S, B, C, D, R Property Right - C, R, W, A/D self, S
File System Security Directory Rights/Attributes File Rights/Attributes
Netware
Printing Service Print Queue Object Printer Object Print Server Object
LAN Management via Objects
Add a user account by creating a user object and setting up its properties
Add a group by containing a set of user objects Set up printer services by creating a print server
object and by managing a printer object Manage files via volume object Enforce access control by setting up the
properties of file and directory stored in a volume object