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Normal GaitHeikki Uustal, MD
Medical Director, Prosthetic/Orthotic TeamJFK-Johnson Rehab Institute
Edison, NJ
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Critical Gait Parameters
n Average walking speed = 2-3 mph (60-80m/min)
n Average cadence = 80-110 steps/minn Average step length = 60 cmn Stance/swing = 60/40n Single/double limb support = 80/20n Running has no double limb support
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Step or Stride?
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Phases of the Gait CycleStance Phase – 60%Swing Phase – 40%
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Comparison of Right Leg to Left Leg Phases
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Three Important Gait Factors
n Forward Progressionn Stance Stabilityn Conservation of Energy
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Methods of Analyzing Gait
n Kinematics is the method of observing or measuring the position of joints and segments through each phase of gait (visual gait analysis)
n Kinetics is the method of measuring the Ground Reaction Force at each joint and then calculating the muscle activity or soft tissue resistance present to stabilize the joint
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Gait Analysis Basic Training
n Assess only one joint at a timen Look at early stance, late stance,
then swingn Separate kinetics from kinematicsn KEEP IT SIMPLE!
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Normal Human Locomotion:Sagittal Plane Gait
Kinematics9
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Rockers or Pivot Points in Stance
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Initial Contact:•Double Support
•Hip = Flexed 30*•Knee = Extended•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Begin Stance
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Loading Response:•Double Support
•Hip = Flexed•Knee = Flexing 5-10*•Ankle = Plantarflexing to 20*
•Goals = Weight Acceptance, Shock Absorption, Advance body over Heel Rocker
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Mid Stance:•Single Support
•Hip = Extending•Knee = Extending but not to 0*•Ankle = Dorsiflexing
•Goal = Advance body over stationary foot, ankle rocker
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Terminal Stance:•Single Support
•Hip = Extending 15-30*•Knee = Extend, then Flex•Ankle =15* DF to Neutral
•Goal = Advance body over forefoot rocker
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Pre Swing:•Double Support
•Hip = Flexing•Knee = Flexing 30-40*•Ankle = Plantarflexing 20-30*
•Goal = Prepare for Swing, transfer load to other limb
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Initial Swing:•Single Support
•Hip = Flexing•Knee = Flexing up to 65*•Ankle =Dorsiflexing to 0*
•Goal = Clear foot and advance limb
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Mid Swing:•Single Support
•Hip = Flexing to 30*•Knee = Extending•Ankle =Dorsiflexing to 0*
•Goal = Advance limb and clear foot
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Terminal Swing:•Single Support
•Hip = Flexed 30*•Knee = Extending•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Advance limb
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Initial Contact:•Double Support
•Hip = Flexed 30*•Knee = Extended•Ankle = Neutral
•Goal = Begin Stance
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Kinetics of Stance Phase
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Activity of All Major Muscles
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Activity of All Major Muscles
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Hip Abductor Activity
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Determinants of GaitStick Figure Model
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1.Pelvic RotationLengthens Limb at IC and PS
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2.Pelvic TiltShortens Limb at MS
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3.Knee Flexion in StanceShortens Limb at MS
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4&5.Foot and Ankle MotionLengthens and Shortens Limb
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Sinusoidal Motion of the COG
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6.Narrow Base of Supportto Minimize Horizontal Motion
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Effect of Incline on Energy
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Effect of Ankle Immobilization
on Gait
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Effect of Knee Immobilization
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Up and Down Stairs
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Center of Gravity
Line
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Base of Support
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Base of Support
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Thank You
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