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FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN
DI INDONESIA
Tropical Forest (Tropical Moist Forest) (Whitmore, 1990)
The rain forest is prevalent over most part of Indonesia. There are considerable
floristic variation which are related to differences in soils and topography. Broader
variations are also reflected by the horizontal zonation (related to geologic history)
and vertical zonation (related to elevation)
Tropical rain forests which develop in
the hot and humid region (every
month is wet, 100 mm rainfall or more)
which lack of a pronounced dry
seasons
Tropical seasonal forest which
develop in seasonally dry climate (4
– 6 dry months with 60 mm rainfall
or less)
Climate Soil Water Soils Elevation Forest formation Seasonally dry Strong annual shortage Podsol, Renzina,
Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m , Lowland Monsoon forest
(seasonal forest) Red yellow podsolic, latosol, andosol
1000 – 3000 m Montane monsoon forest
Ever-wet (perhumid)
Dryland Zonal (mainly oxisols, ultisols)
Lowland (0-1000 mdpl)
Lowland evergreen rain forest
Mo
un
tain
s
1000-1500 m Lower montane rain forest (submontane forest)
1600 – 2400 m Upper montane rain forest (montane forest)
2500 – 4000 m (timber line)
Subalpine forest
Podozolized sands 0 – (750) 1000 m Heath forest Renzina, Latosol 0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over limestone Soils with high Mg, Fe, and Si content
0 – (750) 1000 m Forest over ultrabasic
Water table high (at least periodically)
Coastal salt-water
Regosol, Red yellow podsolic
0 – (750) 1000 m Beach forest
Alluvial < 0 m Mangrove forest Inland fresh water
Oligotrophic peats 0 – (750) 1000 m Peat swamp forest Eutrophic (muck and minerals) soil
0 – (750) 1000 m Freshwater swamp forest
Main Types of The Tropical Forest in Indonesia FORMASI-FORMASI HUTAN
DI INDONESIA
Letak geografis Indonesia adalah diantara dua benua (Asia dan
Australia) dan di sekitar khatulistiwa. Kondisi seperti ini
mengakibatkan terjadinya zone-zone vegetasi dan tipe-tipe hutan
di Indonesia
Zone vegetasi hutan di Indonesia adalah :
a. Zone Barat, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi Asia, meliputi : Sumatera,
Kalimantan, dimana jenis dominan adalah Dipterocarpaceae.
b. Zone Timur, di bawah pengaruh vegetasi australia, meliputi :
Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, Irian Jaya, dimana jenis dominan
adalah Araucariaceae dan Mytaceae.
c. Zone Peralihan, di bawah pengaruh Asia dan Australia, meliputi :
Jawa dan Sulawesi, dimana jenis dominan adalah
Araucariaceae, Myrtaceae, dan Verbenaceae.
A. Zone Vegetasi di Indonesia
MAIN FOREST ECOSYSTEMS IN INDONESIA
Mangrove
Forest
Beach Forest
Fresh Water
Swamp Forest
Peat Swamp Forest
Heath Forest
Monsoon Forest
Lowland Forest
Mountain Forest
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1. Hutan Mangrove
• Tidak terpengaruh oleh iklim
• Terdapat di pantai berlumpur atau sedkit berpasir,
dipengaruhi pasang-surut air laut, tidak terkena ombak
keras, tanahnya aluvial, air payau/asin
• Penyebaran : pantai timur Sumatera, pantai utara jawa,
pantai tmur Kalimantan, Sulawesi, dan Irian Jaya.
• Beberapa jenisnya berbuah vivipary, serta berakar
nafas, yaitu akar pasak (Avicennia dan Sonneratia),
akar tunjang (Rhizophora), dan akar lutut (Bruguiera).
Jenis-jenis pohon penting
• Avicennia alba (api-api)
• Sonneratia alba (Pedada)
• Rhizophora mucronata dan R. apiculata (Bakau)
• Bruguiera gymnorrhiza dan (Tancang)
• Ceriops tagal (Bakau)
• Xylocarpus granatum (Nyirih)
• Nypa fruticans (Nipah)
B. Tipe Ekosistem Hutan Alam
Forest formation growing in the intertidal area of tropical and sub-tropical areas, mainly extensively grows in the sheltered
coastline, delta, lagoon, estuary and river bank
MANGROVE FOREST MANGROVE COMMUNITY IN INDONESIA
SHRUB COMMUNITY YOUNG MANGROVE COMMUNITY
NIPAH COMMUNITY OLD MANGROVE COMMUNITY
Dominant Species:
Nypa fruticans
Dominant Species:
Rhizophora spp. Bruguiera spp.
Dominant Species:
Avicennia spp., Sonneratia spp. Dominant Species:
Rhizophora spp.
MANGROVE FLORA IN INDONESIA
45 family 75 genus 157 species
Tree
(52 species)
Shrub & Fern
(24 species)
Herb & Grass
(22 species)
Lyana
(13 species)
Ephyphite
(36 species)
Parasite
(3 species)
Palm
(7 species)
MANGROVE FAUNA
TERRESTRIAL FAUNA (101 species)
MARINE FAUNA (156 species)
CRUSTACEA (67 species) :
Gastropoda (43 species) Bilvalvia (9 species)
MOLLUSCA (26 species)
FISH (63 species) MAMMAL (22 species)
INSECT (22 species)
BIRD (44 species)
AMPHIBY (2 species)
REPTIL (11 species)
TOTAL: 257 species
2. Hutan Rawa
• Tidak terpengaruh iklim
• Terdapat di sekitar muara/delta sungai, tergenang air
tawar dari sungai, sehingga bersifat kaya hara
(eutrofik), tanahnya glei humus dan aluvial.
• Terdapat : di Sumatera dan Kalimantan mengikuti
sungai-sungai besar.
Jenis-jenis pohon penting :
• Alstonia pneumatophora
• Campnosperma macrophylla
• Dyera lowii
• Pentaspadon motleyi
• Shorea balangeran
• Lophopethalum multinervium.
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Forest growing wide spread over alluvial soils that are periodically flooded for long periods with rich mineral fresh water (pH more than 6) associated with coastal swamp, inland lake and huge low-lying river basin
extremely heterogenous in soils and vegetation, where a few centimeters of peat may occur. Floristic composition varies from:
Floating grass, sedges and herbs
Pandan and palm swamp
Scrub
Similar to lowland rain forest
FRESH WATER SWAMP FOREST The most important trees in freshwater swamp forest are the genera of:
Barringtonia Campnospermae Dillenia Eugenia
FLORA OF FRESHWATER SWAMP FOREST
Shorea Calophyllum Canarium Koompassia
Mangifera Neesia Pholidocarpus Melanorrhea Metroxylon
Alstonia pneumatophora
Shorea belangeran
Metroxylon sagu
Mangifera foetida
FAUNA OF FRESHWATER SWAMP FOREST
Fauna diversity and abundance in freshwater swamp forest vary with the structure and floral diversity of the forest
Crocodillus porosus Tomistoma schlegelii
Macaca fascicularis
3. Hutan Gambut
• Tumbuh pada tumpukan gambut yang berbentuk lensa
cembung yang tebalnya 1-20 m (dari tepi ke tengah)
• Di genangi air gambut yang berasal dari air hujan,
bersifat masam dan miskin hara (oligotrofik),
jenis tanah : arganosol.
• Terdapat : di pantai timur Sumatera, pantai barat dan
selatan Kalimantan, dan pantai selatan Irian Jaya.
Jenis-jenis pohon penting :
• Gonystylus bancanus
• Shorea vliginoga
• Durio carinatus
• Cratoxylon arborescens
• Tetramerista glabra
• Combretocarpus tetundatus
Peat : a soil type with a very high (> 65%) organic contents, at least 50 cm deep
It consist of: Ombrogenous peat (rain-fed peat,
poor in nutrient/oligotrophic, mainly calcium, in the behind of mangroves), drainage water are very acid, deep peat reached to 20 m Topogenous peat are formed in
topographic depressions (mesotrophic/nutrient coming from mineral subsoil, river water, plant remains and rain)
Peat swamp forests are extent in Sumatra and Kalimantan
PEAT SWAMP FOREST
Koompassia malaccensis Gonystylus bancanus Dyera lowii Palm (Pinang raja)
FLORA OF PEAT SWAMP FOREST
Durio carinatus Garcinia parvifolia (kandis)
Callophyllum schlrophyylum
Daemonorops grandis
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FAUNA OF PEAT SWAMP FOREST
Nasalis larvatus
(Proboscis monkey) Macaca fascicularis
(Long-tailed macaque)
Presbytis cristata
(Silvered langur) Pongo pygmaeus
(Orang utan)
Hylobates agilis Macaca nemestrina
4. Hutan Pantai
• Terdapat di pantai yang terjal, tanah berpasir, berbatu
karang atau lempung, tidak terpengaruh iklim.
• Terdapat di pantai selatan Jawa, pantai barat daya
Sumatera, dan pantai Sulawesi.
Jenis-jenis pohon penting :
• Barringtonia asiatica
• Calophyllum inophyllum
• Casuarina equisetifolia
• Hibiscus tiliaceus
• Terminalia catappa
• Cocos nucifera
• Pandanus tectorius
• Ipomea pres-cappre
Forest formation growing in the supralittoral zone, sometimes subjected to extrem high tide (spring tide and
storm)
BEACH
FOREST
Barringtonia community
Pes-caprae community
BEACH
FOREST
PES-CAPRAE COMMUNITY
occupied the outer fringe mounds of sand, where the beach tends to build, shows low species diversity
The plant in this community are low, sand-binding herbs/grass and sedges
Spinifex littoreus Ipomoea pes-caprae Cyperus spp.
Canavalia spp. Fimbristylis Ischaemum muticum
BARRINGTONIA COMMUNITY
occupied the area behind pes-caprae community on the stable soils or rocky soils, commonly covers the narrow space of 25 – 50 meters, more
diverse species diversity than pes-caprae community
Cocos nucifera Casuarina equisetifolia Calophyllum inophyllum
Barrinngtonia asiatica Hibiscus tiliaceus Terminalia catappa Pandanus sp.
Plants in this community must be tolerant to showering of sea water, poor nutrient soils, and to drought.
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*Wader and seabird which nesting, resting and feeding in beach forest
*Sea turtle (green sea turtle, howksbill, leatherback, loggerhead) are nesting in beach forest (Tambelan island, Berau island, Paloh and Lemukuta island at West Kalimantan, Meru Betiri and Baluran NP)
*Coconut Crab (Ocypode)
FAUNA OF BEACH FOREST
Wader and seabird
Coconut Crab
Sea turtle
5. Hutan Hujan Dataran Rendah
• Terdapat pada iklim basah, tanah podsolik, latosol dan
aluvial.
• Hutan selalu hijau, terdiri dari beberapa strata tajuk,
sangat kaya akan flora dan fauna.
• Di kawasan barat di dominasi jenis-jenis
Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea, Dipterocarpus, Dryobalanops,
dsb), Eusideroxylon zwageri, dsb
• Di kawasan timur :
Pometia pinnata, Intsia bijuga, Agathis labillordieri,
Pterocarpus indicus, Eucalyptus deglupta
• Di Pulau Sulawesi :
Diospyros celebica, Shorea koordersii, Agathis
philippinensis.
• Di Maluku :
Paraserianthes falcataria, Shorea selanica, Agathis
dammara.
the most extensive occuring in Indonesia and is the most luxurious vegetation compared to other types of forest in the world.
Lofty, dense, evergreen forest, 45 m or more tall, characterized by the large number of species.
Gregarious dominants (consociations) are uncommon and usually 2/3 or more of the upper-canopy trees are of species individually not contributing more than 1% of the total number
LOWLAND RAIN FOREST (LRF)
FLORA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST
WESTERN PART OF INDONESIA (WEST MALESIA)
EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA (EAST MALESIA)
Lowland forest distribution
Species of Dipterocarpaceae (Anisoptera, Dipterocarpus, Drybalanops, Parashorea and Shorea) are dominating the large trees of the emergent layer
totaled about 350 species found characterized by rich ground layer palm flora
of shade and moisture loving genera (Iguanusa, Pinanga, Areca, Nenga, Rhopalobaste)
Dipterocarpaceae become less important & locally dominant. The important species: • Araucaria cunninghamii • A. humsteini • Agathis labillardieri • Conifer species (Dacrydium elatum, D.
novoguinense, Papuacedrus spp., Phyllocladus hypophyllus, Podocarpus papuanus
WESTERN PART OF INDONESIA (WEST MALESIA)
Shorea sp. Anisoptera sp. Areca catechu Nenga sp.
Araucaria cunninghamii Agathis labillardieri Dacrydium elatum
EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA (EAST MALESIA)
FAUNA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST
HERBIVORES
Elephants Rhinoceros Deer Anoa
CARNIVORES
Tiger
and other Felidae
AVES
Hornbill, etc.
Paradise bird
Peacock
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FAUNA OF LOWLAND RAIN FOREST
PRIMATES
Orang utan Gibbon Macaque etc.
REPTILES & AMPHIBY
6. Hutan Hujan Pegunungan
• Terletak pada ketinggian 1000-2400 m dpl, di daerah perbukitan, iklim
basah, jenis tanah latosol, selalu hijau, terdiri dari beberapa strata
tajuk.
• Semakin naik ketinggian tempat :
- Jumlah jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan berkurang
- Bentuk & ukuran tumbuh-tumbuhan : semakin mengecil dan
banyak cabang/bemgkok-bengkok
• Terdapat di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa, Sulawesi, dan Irian Jaya.
• Jenis-jenis penting :
Quercus spp., Castanopsis spp., Podocarpus spp., Dacrydium spp.,
Agathis spp.
• Dibedakan Berdasarkan ketinggian :
1. Hutan sub-montana (Hutan Pegunungan Bawah)
1000 – 1500 m dpl Di Jawa Barat : Altingia excelsa, Schima
wallichii, Castanopsis argentea, Quercus sundaica,
Dacrycarpus imbricatus
2. Hutan Montana (Hutan Pegunungan Atas)
1500 – 2400 m dpl. : D. Imbricatus, P. neriifolius.
MONTANE RAIN FOREST
SUBMONTANE (LOWER MONTANE)
FOREST
UPPER MONTANE
FOREST
upwards the luxurious vegetation at low an medium altitude, the forest become a two storey with decreasing tree height as well as
decreasing tree species richness, but it is very luxuriant in epiphytes (mainly mosses and liverworts) which cover the trunks and branches of the trees densely.
Woody vines are very few present
made up of a single storey of twisted trees of massive growth and rich in branching
leaves of trees become smaller, trunks and branches are covered with a thick snat of mosses and liverworts
which may hang down in festoon Also called:
• ELFIN WOODLAND, which often only 10 m tall or less and its shorter facies
• MOSSY FOREST, because The trees may be heavily swatch in bryophytes and filmy fern
SUB-ALPINE FOREST Shorter more gnarled formation with even tinier leaves (Nanophylls)
ALPINE FOREST
Shrub heat, most tundra, fern meadow, and grassland. Treeless landscape extend up to the nival zone (snow line)
4,500
Elevation (m asl) :
3,000
1,500
1,000
SUBMONTANE FOREST
UPPER MONTANE
FOREST
SUB-ALPINE FOREST
ALPINE FOREST
4,500
Elevation (m asl) :
3,000
1,500
1,000
7. Hutan Musim
• Di daerah iklim musim (monsoon), pada tanah kering
dengan berbagai jenis tanah.
• Gugur daun selama musim kemarau (pada jenis-jenis
tertentu)
• Berdasarkan ketinggian :
- Hutan Musim dataran rendah ( <1000 m dpl. )
- Hutan Musim pegunungan ( >1000 m dpl. )
• Terdapat di : Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Nusa Tenggara,
Sulawesi.
• Jenis-jenis Penting :
- Dataran rendah : Acacia leucocephala, Dalbergia
latifolia, Tectona grandis, dsb.
- Pegunungan : Casuarina junghuhniana, Pinus
merkusii, dsb.
*Forest with abundant rainfall during wet season, which alternates with a distinct drought period which may last from about 4 to 6 months, the total amount of rainfall varies from about 1,000 to 2,000 mm a year, may be subjected to strong winds.
* In Indonesia this forests distribute in West Java (Karawang, Indramayu, Cirebon), East Java, Central Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara, Sulawesi
MONSOON FOREST
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Tectona grandis Dalbergia latifolia Acacia mangium Lagerstomia speciosa Tamarindus indica Honalium tomentosum Santalum album Eucalyptus alba
Melaleuca Scheichera obasa Albizia leobekosides Azadirachta indica Casuarina penghumiares Cassia fistula Salmalia malabarica Palms (Borassus flabellifer
and Corypha utan)
FLORA OF LOWLAND MONSOON FOREST
Casuarina sumatrana
C. junghuhniana
Eucalyptus urophylla
E. deglupta
Pinus merkusii
P. insularis
FLORA OF UPLAND MONSOON FOREST FAUNA OF MONSOON FOREST
Bird (Cypsiurus batasiurus) Honey bee Butterfly
Buffalo and Bull Deer Frogs Long-tailed monkey
*Forests grow on white sand soils derived from siliceous parent materials, where the soil is poor in nutrients/bases, highly acidic, coarse textured and free draining.
*Covered by superficial layer of peat/humus which is quickly lost once the natural vegetation is cleared
*In Indonesia, heat forest found be great extent in Central and East Kalimantan
HEATH FOREST (KERANGAS FOREST)
Trees are often densely packed difficult to penetrates with small thick leaves
Low, uniform, single-layered canopy formed by crowns of large saplings and small poles
Buttress are smaller, but still root are common
Small, thin climbers are common, as are ephiphytes
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATH FOREST GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HEATH FOREST
Plants with supplementary means of obtaining minerals are common, i.e Casuarina nobilis which has root noduls containing nitrogen fixing bacteria
Conspicuous epiphytes are ant plants (Myrmecophytes): Hydrophytum and Myrmecodia
Ground flora is sparse, with many mosses and liverworth as well as insectivore plants such as pitcher plants Nepenthes, sundews Drosera and bladderworm Urticularia growing on the poor soils
Endemic orchid of Bulbophyllum beccarii growth on the trunk of the trees to maximize its access to nutrients
Casuarina nobilis Ant plants Bulbophyllum beccarii
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FLORA OF HEATH FOREST
TALL-CLOSED HEAT FOREST OPEN SCRUBBY AND PADANG
VEGETATION
Ilex hypoglauca
Agathis borneensis Calophyllumsoulattri
Shorea teysmanniana Catroxilum sp.
Casuarina sumatrana Nephentes sp.
Orchid
*Termites
FAUNA OF HEATH FOREST
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) Macaques Orthotomus ruficeps (the ashy tailorbird)
lizards Beetles Snakes frogs