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Nitrogen Cycle
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Forms of Nitrogen
• Ammonia: NH3+• Ammonium: NH4• Nitrite: NO2-• Nitrate: NO3-
• Gas: N2• Nitrogen Oxide: NO• Dinitrogen oxide: N2O
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• Each spot on the cycle is a reservoir of nitrogen; a place where it is stored or available in some form– Atmosphere– Living organisms– Soils– Oceans
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• 78% of the atmosphere is nitrogen– Gaseous nitrogen (N2) is not usable to living
things– Nitrogen fixation must take place
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• Nitrogen fixation- processing of nitrogen into forms that are usable by living things– 1 of 4 methods
• Lightning• Bacteria• Industrial fixation: the Haber-Bosch processes
convert N2 into fertilizer• Combustion of fossil fuels
– Bacteria: have an enzyme that breaks down N2 into ammonia
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Assimilation
• Plants absorb nitrogen through roots• Bacteria can also take up N• Animals get nitrogen from eating plants or
other animals– N is important for making amino acids and
proteins– Also important part of DNA and RNA
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Ammonification
• Organisms die and are broken down by decomposers
• Bacteria convert the nitrates into ammonia
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Nitrification• Ammonium absorbed by soil and then
changed by bacteria to nitrite and nitrate
• Nitrate can then either be used by plants or go through denitrification
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Denitrification
• Turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas
• Completes the nitrogen cycle, putting N back into the atmosphere
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Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation
• Nitrite and Ammonium converted straight to N2
• Occurs mostly in oceans
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Humans affect the Nitrogen Cycle
• N-rich fertilizers put N into water; can be toxic to babies
• Fertilizers, cattle and feedlots, and industrial sources also release dinitrogen oxide (N2O) into the air; contributes to global warming
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Humans and the N-cycle
• Burning fossil fuels and forests releases Nitrogen oxide; contributes to smog and acid rain
• Wastewater treatment plants release ammonia, toxic to fish
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