New and Emerging Invasive Forest Pests
Invasive Species Exclusion Unit
Plant Protection Division,
Minnesota Department of Agriculture
Alien, Exotic or Invasive
• Invasive species: alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health (Executive Order 13112).
Invasive species management
• Prevention• Early detection & Rapid
response• Control & Management• Restoration & Rehabilitation
National Strategy and Implementation Plan for Invasive Species Management
-- US Forest Service
The Pests:• Emerald ash borer• Gypsy moth• Asian longhorned beetle• European woodwasp• Pathogens
Emerald ash borer
David Cappaert, , www.forestryimages.org
EAB Lifecycle: Adults
Art Wagner, Bugwood.org
Where is EAB?
EAB Readiness PlanObjectives:
• Delay the introduction and establishment of EAB in Minnesota
• Department of Agriculture
• Identify and prepare outreach, education and training
•University of Minnesota
• Provide the basis for long-term sustainability
• Department of Natural Resources
• Develop political support to ensure adequate funding and regulation
• S&S Tree Specialists, Inc.
Delay Introduction & Establishment
Prevention –Regulation & Education
Delay Introduction & Establishment
Early Detection – Detection Trees
Early Detection – First Detector Network
EAB Reporter
EAB First Detector
Minnesota Department of
Agriculture
“Do I Have EAB?” Checklist
EAB Decision Tree
Early Detection – First Detector Network
Early Detection – Purple Traps
What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?
Rapid Response - EAB Response Plan
Point source pre- adult emergence
Non-point source
1. 10 mile radius quarantine
2. Eradication possible, depends on situation
1. County quarantine
2. Suppression best option
Point source post-adult emergence
1. Site quarantined
2. Eradication best option
Rapid Response Scenarios
What is Minnesota Doing About EAB?
Management – Current Research
• Silvicultural
• Resistant tree varieties
• Population dynamics and spread under different management strategies including sanitation, phloem reduction, islands of attraction
• Chemical
•Systemic pesticides – imidacloprid, dinotefuron, emamectin benzoate
• Biological
• 3 species of parasitic wasps researched, 2 released?
• Naturalized wasp switching to EAB?
John H. Ghent, USDA Forest Service
Gypsy Moth
Gypsy Moth Life Cycle
• Gypsy moth is a tree defoliator
• Trees are stressed, leaving them susceptible to other pests and diseases
• Each caterpillar consumes 3 square feet of foliage!
July
Why Be Concerned?
Preferredeaten by all stages of larvae
Oak, aspen, willow, white and river birch, basswood, larch, mountain-ash, alder and apple
Hawthorn, hazelnut, hophornbeam, hornbeam, serviceberry, witch-hazel
Less-preferredeaten by older larvae
Yellow birch, boxelder, butternut, black walnut, cherry, eastern cottonwood, elm, hackberry, hickory, red and sugar maple, pine, and spruce
Blueberries, pin cherry, chokecherry, sweet fern
Avoidedrarely fed upon
ash, cedar, fir, silver maple, catalpa, mulberry and many urban species
Dogwood, elderberry, grape, greenbrier, juniper, raspberry, viburnum,and buckthorn!!
Host Preference
•Natural •1 ¼ miles per year due to larval dispersal (ballooning)
Spread
Artificial
Egg masses or other life stages are transported by humans
13-16 miles per year (1960-1990)
• Detection surveys began in 1973– First male moth captured in 1976– Over 11,000 moths caught to date
• Treated over 140,000 acres
• Cooperative Program– State: MDA, DNR, and University of Minnesota– Federal: USDA-APHIS, PPQ and the US Forest
Service
Gypsy Moth in Minnesota
1900
1980
2007
1990
Gypsy Moth Quarantine
• Suppression• Gypsy moth populations established/reproducing• Treat outbreaks locally to decrease natural spread to < 6 km/yr
• Slow the Spread • Targeted treatments to decrease population pressure
• Eradication • Eliminate start-up populations
Management Nationally
• Parts of the state are in both Eradication and the Slow the Spread stages of gypsy moth management.
• Minnesota’s varied habitats can and will sustain gypsy moth populations
• Survey program is key along with strong regulatory cooperation from the general public and industry
“Slow the Spread” to less than 6 kilometers per year
Eradication to eliminate infestations
Management in Minnesota
2008 Treatments
Asian longhorned beetle
Asian longhorned beetle• Anoplophora glabripennis
(Cerambycidae)• Native to China & Korea• US detection, 1996• Prefered hosts:
– Acer (maple), Salix (willow), Ulmus (elm), Aesculus (buckeye)
• Acceptable hosts:– Betula (birch), Fraxinus
(ash)
1 year
Asian longhorned beetle
Asian longhorned beetle
Asian longhorned beetle
Green = Not found
Purple = Established
Tan = Being eradicated
NAPIS, 2008
• No traps available
• Nursery inspections– Examine stock for
signs of infestation– 367 growers & 275
dealers in 2006– Similar effort for 2007
Asian longhorned beetle
• Quarantine
• Eradication– Host tree removal– Insecticides
Asian longhorned beetle
European wood wasp
Life cycle
forestryimages.org
Amylostereum areolatum
Phytotoxic mucus
1 to 3 years
forestryimages.org
fore
stry
imag
es.o
rg
K. L
oeffler,
Co
rnell U
niv.
Signs of infestationRound, 3-8 mm holes
fore
stry
imag
es.o
rg
Drooping needles
Brown staining
Resin beads Frass-filled galleries
Distribution
K.L. Carnes, NYSDAMForestryimages.org
Native Range
Introduced
1994
1990
2001 19801961
1952 1900
US FS
●
●
●
● 2008
Pine species susceptibilityVERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW
Austrian Lodgepole Knobcone Eastern white
Monterey* Jack Sand Bristlecone
Loblolly* Jeffery Apache Foxtail
Scotch Ponderosa Spruce Com. pinyon
Red Bishop Coulter
Shortleaf Longleaf Limber
Slash Table mtn. Southwestern
Virginia Pitch Sugar
Pond Western white
Gray
Arizona
TorreyD. Haugen Very rare on larch, spruce & fir
Impact
• Tree mortality, reduced commodity value & loss of markets
• Native range: Secondary pest
• Adventive range: Significant losses in overstocked & stressed plantations
– Up to 80% tree mortality in Australia
– North America: ???
Prevention
• Pest risk assessment
• Regulatory work
– e.g., inspect high risk pathways
• Education
– e.g., firewood risks
Early detection
Lure: alpha pinene (70%) & beta pinene (30%)
Early detectionSpecies 2006 2007
Sirex noctilio 0 0
Sirex edwardsii 171 27
Sirex juvencus 4 1
Sirex nigricornis 145 34
Tremex columba 21 8
Urocerus albicornis 11 1
Urocerus cressoni 19 14
Xeris spectrum 0 4
* all MN sites, traps and dates combined (2,725 samples)
Contact information
• Arrest the Pest Hotline– Greater MN = 1-888-545-6684– Metro area = 651-201-6684– [email protected]
• http://www.mda.state.mn.us/plants/ pestmanagement/invasives.htm