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Neural CommunicationNeural Communication
Psychology 2606Psychology 2606
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IntroductionIntroduction
It was pretty clear early on that electricity It was pretty clear early on that electricity played a role of some sort in neural played a role of some sort in neural communicationcommunication
Galvani, frogs’ legs and lightningGalvani, frogs’ legs and lightningFritsch and Hitzig stimulated cortex of Fritsch and Hitzig stimulated cortex of
various animals, got twitchesvarious animals, got twitchesBartholow and Mary RaffertyBartholow and Mary RaffertyDr. Penfield, I smell burnt toastDr. Penfield, I smell burnt toast
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EEGs are AOKEEGs are AOK
Caton Caton HelmholtzHelmholtzHodgkin, Huxley and giant axonsHodgkin, Huxley and giant axonsUsed mircorelectrodes and oscilloscopes Used mircorelectrodes and oscilloscopes
to measure the resting potential of a to measure the resting potential of a neuronneuron
-70 mV-70 mV
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Electrical activity of the neuronElectrical activity of the neuron
Resting potentialResting potentialAbout -70 mVAbout -70 mVSelectively allowing certain ions inSelectively allowing certain ions inWith stimulation Na+ is allowed inWith stimulation Na+ is allowed in
Action potentialAction potentialChanges in one area lead to changes in Changes in one area lead to changes in
anotheranotherChemical to electrical, very coolChemical to electrical, very cool
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The Sodium Potassium PumpThe Sodium Potassium Pump
Active transport takes Active transport takes energyenergy
Easier encoding?Easier encoding? Faster reaction?Faster reaction? An Action potential An Action potential
happens when happens when stimulation causes the stimulation causes the pump to sort of stop, Na pump to sort of stop, Na gets in, K goes outgets in, K goes out
Sort of reversed laterSort of reversed later
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integrationintegration
Excitatory postsynaptic potentialsExcitatory postsynaptic potentials Inhibitory postsynaptic potentialsInhibitory postsynaptic potentialsTemporal summationTemporal summationSpatial summationSpatial summation
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The axon HillockThe axon Hillock
Where the axon startsWhere the axon startsmany voltage sensitive channelsmany voltage sensitive channelsNeed oh say -50 mV for depolarizationNeed oh say -50 mV for depolarizationNot all graded potentials are equalNot all graded potentials are equal
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Sensation and movementSensation and movement
Receptors for Receptors for LightLight SoundSound SmellSmell TasteTaste TouchTouch PainPain ColdCold heatheat
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movementmovement
Neuron synapses onto end plateNeuron synapses onto end plateBig channelsBig channelsAcetylcholineAcetylcholineAch antagonists can cause paralysisAch antagonists can cause paralysisCurareCurareSarinSarin
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EEGEEG
Oldest form of brain Oldest form of brain imagingimaging
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CAT ScanCAT Scan
Computerized axial Computerized axial tomographytomography
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PET scanPET scan
Positron emission Positron emission tomographytomography
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MRIMRI
Magnetic Resonance Magnetic Resonance ImagingImaging
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ERPs and single cellsERPs and single cells
Event related potentialsEvent related potentialsUsed to see what is lit up, pretty cheapUsed to see what is lit up, pretty cheapSingle cell recording uses micro Single cell recording uses micro
electrodeselectrodes