Download - NETRA on SIGGRAPH 2010
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NETRA: Interactive Display for Estimating Refractive
Errors and Focal RangeVitor Pamplona Ankit Mohan Manuel M. Oliveira Ramesh Raskar
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NETRA: Near Eye Tool for Refractive Assessment
Vitor Pamplona Ankit Mohan Manuel M. Oliveira Ramesh Raskar
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Challenge
6.5 Billion people
4.5B have a cell phone
2B haverefractive errors
0.6B have URE
NETRA at LVP Eye Institute
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Computational Photography
Optometry/Opthalmalogy
Measure .. Overcome Limitations .. Extend Abilities
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Phoropter
Snellen chart
Trial lenses
Reading Charts• Accuracy
– Sharpness Estimation is subjective– Brightness affects results– Pupil size variation and DoF
• Cost– Trial Lens Set > $150– Bulky
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Retino scope w/
Lenses
Auto-refracto-
meter
Chart with
Lenses
In-Focus: Focometer Optiopia
Solo-health: EyeSite
NETRA
Technology Shining Light plus lenses
Fundus Camera
Moving lenses + target
Moving lenses + target
Reading chart on monitor
Cellphone + eyepiece
Cost to buy $2,000* ~$10,000 ~$100 ~$495 ~$200 -- $30
Cost per test ~$36 ~$36 ~$5 -- -- -- ~$1
Data capture No Comp. No No No Comp. Phone
Mobility <500g >10Kg 2kg 1kg <5kg >10Kg <100g
Speed Fast Fast Medium Medium -- Fast Fast
Scalability No No No Yes Probably No Yes
Accuracy 0.15 0.15 0.5 0.75 -- -- <0.5
Self evaluation No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Electricity Req No Yes No No -- Yes No
Astigmatism Yes Yes Yes/No No -- Yes Yes
Network No Yes No No No Yes Yes
Training High High High Medium Medium Low Low
* Phoropter-based: $5,000.00
Needs expert, Moving parts, Shining lasers
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Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
Expensive; Bulky, Requires trained professionals
Wavefront aberrometer
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Shack-Hartmann ~ Lightfields
Levoy et al 2009 Zhang and Levoy 2009: Observable Light Field
Oh, Raskar, Barbastathis 2009: Augmented Light Field
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
Laser
Sensor Microlens Array
Planar Wavefront
Shack & Platt 1971Liang et al 1994
David Williams et al, Rochester
Spot Diagram
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Laser
Sensor
Displacement = Local Slope
of the Wavefront
Spot Diagram
Shack-Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
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NETRA = Inverse of Shack-Hartmann
Spot Diagram on LCD
Cell Phone Display
Eye Piece
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Spot Diagram on LCD
Inverse of Shack-HartmannUser interactively creates the Spot Diagram
Displace 25 points but 3 parameters
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Infinity
Optometry
Human Eye
Infinity
Subject can focusat infinity
10cm
Normal Vision
Accommodation Range
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Myopia (nearsightedness)
Infinity
Subject cannot focusat far distances
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Shifted Accommodation Range
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Myopia Correction
Infinity
Subject can focusat infinity
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Human Eye
Shifted Accommodation Range
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Hyperopia (farsightedness)
Infinity 10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
Wrong focal point
Accommodation Range
Infinity
Human Eye
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17Infinity
Accommodation Range
10cm
Normal Vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
‘Beyond’Infinity
Human Eye
Hyperopia (farsightedness)
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Refractive Errors and Shifted Range
Perfect vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
10cmInfinity
Need to measure
1m 33cm Distance
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Refractive Errors and Shifted Range
Perfect vision
Myopia
Hyperopia
10cmInfinity
10D0D
Diopter = 1/Distance
3D1D
1m 33cm
-1D-3D
Distance
Diopter
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Blurred point
Red pointat infinity
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Distinctimage points
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Pinholes
Red pointat infinity
Scheiner’s Principle
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Eye
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Virtual red pointat infinity
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
A
B
Distinctimage points
Display
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Relaxed Eye with Myopia
A
B
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
Display
Eye
Distinctimage points
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B
A
Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Display
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
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B
A
Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
Display
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
Virtual red pointat finite distance
Move spots towards each
other
d
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Myopia
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Eye
d
d
1
Point at infinity
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Distinctimage points
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
A
B
Display
Virtual red pointat infinity
Eye
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
Virtual point“beyond” infinity
Move spots away from each other
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
Display
A
B
Display
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Points overlap
Relaxed Eye with Hyperopia
Virtual point“beyond” infinity
Move spots away from each other
perfect vision
myopia
hyperopia
~10cminfinity
Focusing Range
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NETRA: Using pinholes
Patterns on an LCD
Pinhole array
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f
Patterns on an LCD
Microlens array
NETRA: Using Lens to Increase Light
tda
fc
2
t
a
Pixel Pitch
Virtual Depth
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia)
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Overview• Inverse of Shack Hartmann Wavefront Sensor
• Hi-res displays + interaction• Measuring Spherical Error
• No moving parts, lasers• Blur -> Alignment problem• ~ Lightfield Display for Single Eye
• Astigmatism• Novel Patterns• Focal Range• User Study
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Astigmatism: angle-dependent refractive error
http://www.elizabethpope.co.uk/eyeinfo/astigmatism.html
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Refractive Power as a Function of Angle
Cylinder SphereAxis Cyl.Unknowns:
SCP )(sin( 2
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Astigmatism
Cross or points may never meet with a 1d search !
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Astigmatism
Lines reduce the problem to a 1d search
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Interactive Method
Farthest Focal Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
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Evaluation Prototype
LCD Display
Minification
Camera simulatesthe perfect eye
Trial lenses simulate lens
aberration
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Subjective Validation: User Study
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Measuring the Accommodation Range
Perfect vision
~10cmInfinity
Myopia
Hyperopia
Step 1: Far limit Step 2: Near limit
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Virtual Point at the far limit
Relaxed Eye
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject Accommodates to fix the “blur”
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject Accommodates to fix the “blur”
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Points overlap
A
B
Display
Accommodated Eye
Virtual pointgetting closer
Move points towards each other
Subject cannot accommodate more than the previous point
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Patterns for Alignment Task
Displayed
Subject view
Displayed
Subject view
Visual Cryptography
A B A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B A B
[NaorShamir94]
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Patterns for Alignment Task
Displayed
Subject view
Displayed
Subject view
Visual Cryptography
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B A B
A B
[NaorShamir94]
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gh
ghh
Subject View as Convolution
Subject’ s View
Subject’ s View
Display
g h
S
S
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Viewmaster prototype
+3D to -5D with accommodation61
Subject View
h - Jittered Pinholes
G(-5D) G(0D) G(+5D)
Scaled Patterns
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Summary of Interaction
Farthest Point(myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism)
Nearest Point(presbyopia)
Accommodation Range
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Limitations
• Children• Ability to align lines
• Single Eye test– Other eye for convergence-forced accommodation
• Resolution is a function of the display DPI– Samsung Behold II – 160 DPI – 0.35D– Google Nexus One – 250 DPI – 0.2D– Apple iPhone 4G – 326 DPI – 0.14D
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Future Work• Clinical research for an optometry device
– Side-by-side validation tests– Field trials – Tests for cataract, lazy eye, etc
• Opportunity to monitor one’s eyesight– Diabetes/Glucose non-invasive meter– Unstable lens prescriptions
• Distribution in Developing Countries– Software app for free– Eyepiece blueprint to NGOs for <$1– More at EyeNetra.com
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Future Work• Multi-focus display without moving parts
– [Akeley04][Rolland00][Hua09] [Barsky04]
• Personalized devices (clear without glasses) – Alarm Clock – Cell phones– eReaders
Inju Fernando Meyer
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Acknowledgements
• Volunteers• Dr. Joseph Ciolino (MGH Mass Eye and Ear Inst.)• Dr. Fuentanta Vera Diaz (Schepens Eye Research Inst.)• Dr. James Kobler (MGH Mass Eye and Ear Inst.)• Dr. Shrikant Bhardwaj, (LV Prasad Eye Institute, India)
Sponsors• CNPq-Brazil• Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship• Google • Samsung
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MIT media lab camera culture UFRGS EyeNetra.com
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NETRA: Display for Eye Refraction Tests
• Inverse of Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometer– High-resolution displays and user interaction
• Focal Parameters– Myopia, Hyperopia, Astigmatism– Focal range
• Thermometer for the eye– Measurement not prescription– Promote Self Awareness
• Impact in Developing Countries– 600 Million without corrective glasses– $1 cost, easy to deploy
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NETRA: Interactive Display for Estimating Refractive Errors and Focal Range
Vitor Pamplona Ankit Mohan Manuel M. Oliveira Ramesh Raskar