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Need a textbook? Email Sheldon
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Goals and Methods
What is the goal of Cognitive Neuroscience?
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Goals and Methods• Broad goal is to understand how the brain
accomplishes cognitive processes such as attention, memory, language and consciousness
• There are several smaller questions in this:– What structures do what jobs?– How is information represented in these structures?– How is information passed between these structures?
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Anatomy
• What is the difference between Structural Anatomy and Functional Anatomy?
• What roles do each play in our understanding of the brain?
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Structural Anatomy• Brain structures are identified in a hierarchical fashion
(with substantial randomness)• Hemispheres -> Lobes -> Sulci & Gyri• Sulci and Gyri are all named
– but somewhat variable across individuals
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Structural Anatomy• Brodmann Areas defined by cytoarchitecture
– map of variations in cellular morphology– It is probably not coincidence that Broadman areas are
also generally functionally distinct
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Connectivity
• Anatomists are also concerned with brain regions and how they are interconnected
• Interconnectedness occurs at various levels:– interneurons– cortico-cortical connections– thalamo-cortical and cortico-thalamic– afferent = “to” (e.g. sensory) and efferent =
“from” (e.g. motor)
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Connectivity
• How do anatomists study connectivity?– Retrograde Tracers (e.g. horseradish
peroxidase) follow axons back to where they came from
– Anterograde Tracers (e.g. dextran) follow axons to where they are going
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Connectivity
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)– MRI Technique that
traces long white matter tracts
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Connectivity
• “Ascending” and “descending” projections in sensory systems– estimate: for every
ascending projection there are ten descending projections
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Connectivity
• “Ascending” and “descending” projections in sensory systems– estimate: for every ascending projection
there are ten descending projections
Why would we have descending projections?
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Connectivity
• It is the inter-connectivity of the brain that (probably) allows it to perform the vastly complex processes of cognition
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• There are a number of well known techniques to create images of brain anatomy– CAT scan, MRI, X-Ray,
• Note however that structural and functional images are not the same thing!
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• There are a number of well known techniques to create images of brain anatomy– CAT scan, MRI, X-Ray,
• Note however that structural and functional images are not the same thing!
• Which is more useful? If you could go back in time and give one of these techniques to the earliest neuroscientists, which would it be?
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• This is a Functional MRI Image !?
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• This is a structural MRI image (an “anatomical” image)
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• What you really want is both images co-registered
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• What you really want is both images co-registered
• Why? What’s wrong with the functional image alone?
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• Functional images tend to be lower resolution and fail to convey spatial information
Pixels
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Structural and Functional Imaging
• Structural images have finer (smaller) pixels
Pixels