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Natural Disturbance Approaches
to Forest Land Management
October 6-8, 2009
Hinton, Alberta
(Dave)
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THANK YOU!
Jasper National Park
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THANK YOU!
Joan Simonton
Fran Hannington
Chris Stockdale
Rob Galon
Hamilton Greenwood
Rob Rempel
Stan Boutin
Andy MacKinnon
Craig DeLong
Rob Wright
Greg Branton
Rick Bonar
Roger Nesdoly
Daryll Hebert
Margaret Donnelly
Barry Waito
Brad Hawkes
Mike Demyen
Jim Wittiw
Dave Cheyne
Cheryl Smyth
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Natural Disturbance Approaches
to Forest Land Management
October 6-8, 2009
Hinton, Alberta
Day 1, Part 1: A Little Theory
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Why are you here?
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Why are we here?
Natural disturbance patterns…
- Are a nice addition to our toolbox of indicators
- Are just another way to get more wood and cut costs
- Are coarse filters
- Are useful guides for operational planning
- Are relevant only when it is convenient
- Should only be used as a package deal.
- Are of no value because we can’t mimic Mother Nature
- Represent a new way of thinking
- Are a passing fad soon to be replaced with ??
- Can be used as a planning framework
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Purchase / Rent Tool
How do the Tools Work?
Construction Objective?
What Tools are Required?
Strategies for Const. Objectives
Skill / Knowledge Required?
Buy or Rent?
Make & Model?
Tool Buying for Perfectly Rational People:
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Ohhh! Shiny Tool!
Exactly What Do They Do?
Construction Objective?
What Tools Achieve Const. Needs?
Strategies for Const. Objectives
Skill / Knowledge Required?
Buy or Rent?
Tool Buying for Home Depot Shoppers:
Make & Model?
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Natural Pattern Knowledge
Describing “Variation”
Scope, Definitions & Interpretations
(NRV) Theory & Background
Identifying the Right Scale(s)
Application & Regulation Options
What is SFM? …EBM?
Decision-Making Level(s)
A (Spatial) Language
Ideal
Ideal vs Reality Reality
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Natural Pattern
Knowledge
Describing “Variation”
Scope, Definitions & Interpretations
(NRV) Theory & Background
Identifying the Right Scale(s)
Application & Regulation Options
What is SFM? …EBM?
Decision-Making Level(s)
A (Spatial) Language
Conceptual
foundations Course #1
A series of scale
specific Courses
The Solution
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Course Goal:
To get everyone
on the same
page.
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Course Structure:
• Day 1 Establish conceptual
framework
• Day 2 Overlay real-life onto theory.
• Day 3 Design natural disturbance
management scenarios
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Let’s Get Started
Remind me how we
got talked into
being here again??
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Generalized Management Model
Reality
Values
Paradigms
Frameworks
Tools
Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Reality = Current conditions.
- belief systems
- cultural circumstances
- state of knowledge
- social situation
- economic circumstances
- the health of biological systems
- etc… Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Values = Needs & wants;
“I like…”
- living
- safety
- good health
- wilderness
- recreational activities
- financial security
Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigms
Frameworks
Tools
Paradigm = A philosophical
framework, or a way of thinking. - democracy (political)
- Buddhism (religious)
- capitalism (economic)
- natural resource extraction
(resource management)
- sustainable forest management (forest management)
Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Framework = Interpretive
guidance (towards a paradigm)
For Forest Management:
- land ownership
- rights to natural resources
- land use policies
- tenure
Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
System = Organized set of
procedures and standards (towards a framework).
Tenure:
- long-term for mgmt. plan
- annual operating plan
- public consultation process
Forest & Prairie Protection Act:
- initial attack fire program Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Tool = The medium by which
systems are implemented. (towards a system).
Annual plans:
- harvesting
- guidebooks
- compliance rules
Long-term Plans:
- planning standards
- forest estate models Systems
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Framework
Tools
For Example:
Canada is a wealthy first world country
with strong social roots.
We value human health.
“Universal health care”.
Federal tax policies & treasury
commitment.
Transfer payments, health plans.
Network of health care facilities.
Systems
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Exercise:
1. Tool
2. System
3. Framework
4. Paradigm
5. Some of the above (list them)
6. All of the above.
Assuming for the moment that this particular
management model is legitimate, off the top of
your head, do you believe that a “natural pattern
approach” is a:
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Who wants:
1. Coffee
2. Pepsi
3. Water
4. Juice
5. A smoke
6. To call the office.
7. To shut us up for a few
minutes.
Exercise:
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Resource
Extraction
Sustainable
Extraction
Integrated
Resource-Use
Management
Ecosystem
Management?
1900 1950 1980 2000
Sustainable
Forest
Management?
Profit Trees Stands Organisms Systems
A Brief History of Forest Management
Strategies in North America
For what are we trying to manage?
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Trust us…we know what we
are doing.
(Associated Press)
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Ecology
Starting in the late -1980’s;
- Acknowledge “change” as natural.
- Disturbance is part of the system.
- “biodiversity” = $!
- biodiversity is beneficial
- Ecological systems are complex and
interconnected.
- Seeing more negative impacts of
previous, well-intentioned strategies.
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Brush (mostly birch) competition to increase
growing space for pine.
Removing hardwoods Increases risk of MPB,
armillaria, dothistroma, root collar weevil,
lowers soil microbial diversity, changes soil
nutrient dynamics, and lowers overall
productivity.
Simplifying Species
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Simplifying
Landscapes
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Size Class Distribution of ??
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 >10
Size Class (ha)
Nu
mb
er
2 km.
Unraveling Evolution
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Sharks are being “finned” for soups
on the eastern US coast.
They feed on cownose rays, which
have now boomed to 10x numbers
from a decade ago.
Cownose rays feed on scallops.
The scallop fishery has been closed
off N. Carolina since 2004.
Scallop hide from cownose rays in
seagrass, which is now being ripped
apart by all the rays.
Oysters, hard clams, and soft shelled
clams use seagrass as habitat…
Unraveling Entire Ecosystems
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Response:
To avoid “national train
wrecks”, the Clinton
administration will shift
federal policy away from a
single species approach to
one that looks at entire
eco-systems.
(James Babbit)
(Margaret)
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Ecosystem Management integrates scientific knowledge of
ecological relationships within a complex socio-political and
values framework towards the general goal of protecting
native ecosystem integrity over the long term. (Grumbine,
1994)
Ecosystem-Based Management is an integrated, science-
based approach to the management of natural resources that
aims to sustain the health, resilience and diversity of
ecosystems, while allowing for sustainable use by humans of
the goods and services they provide. (Kappel, 1994)
Sustainable Forest Management is management that maintains
and enhances the long-term health of forest ecosystems for
the benefit of all living things while providing environmental,
economic, social and cultural opportunities for present and
future generations (CFS, adopted by CSA)
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Ecologic
Social
Economic
Ecologic
Social
Economic
Other Possibilities Ecologic
Social
Economic
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• Science / knowledge based.
• Focus on the whole (ecosystem), not the pieces.
• Natural functioning ecosystems is a priority.
• Involves some sort of balance. “Sustainability is
a social choice with limitations” (Shleapfer 1997)
• A need to be open, flexible, and humble.
Common Elements of
SFM / EBM / EM
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
1990’s Canada
Forest land is valuable in and of itself,
we are prosperous & nature is dynamic &
complex.
We value long-term prosperity, health, &
biodiversity
SFM / EBM / EM
Provincial legislation, tenure,
certification, CCFM, adaptive mgmt, …
FMP’s, compliance regulations,
guidelines …
Harvesting, silviculture, public
involvement, indicators, …
Systems
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The Alberta Forest act:
“The Minister… may enter into a forest
management agreement with any person to
enable that person to enter forest land for the
purpose of establishing, growing, and
harvesting timber in a manner designed to
provide a perpetual sustained yield”.
Are we Walking the Walk?
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Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Systems
Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Systems
Reality
Values
Paradigm
Frameworks
Tools
Systems
Reality
Values
Paradigm
Models
Tools
Frameworks
Forest Management Energy & Mines
Agriculture Highways, Unities
Managing Ecosystems =
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“Optimize the sustained contribution from
Alberta’s energy and mineral resources in
the interests of Albertans”
Alberta Energy’s Vision:
Photo: Charles Truscott Reality
Values
Paradigm
Framework
Tools
Systems
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Are We Making Progress?
A Humble Ontario
“Is Ontario managing its forests sustainably? Within
the limits of science, data sources, and our
knowledge of forest ecosystems, we believe so”
OMNR, 2001
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Natural Disturbance Approaches
to Forest Land Management
Day 1, Part 2: The Natural Disturbance Approach
is Born
(Margaret)
October 6-8, 2009
Hinton, Alberta
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Where Do We Need to Go?
- More humility (what do we NOT know?)
- Adaptive solutions.
- Relevant science.
- Landscape management approaches.
- Represent natural functioning of
ecosystems – manage wholes, not the
pieces.
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How Do We Define
“Natural Functioning Ecosystems”?
What the heck is:
• Biodiversity?
• Ecosystem health?
• Ecological integrity?
• Ecosystem resilience?
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Natural Function Translation
Options:
A. Walk away
B. Zonation
C. Fine Filter
D. Coarse Filter
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Natural Function Translation
Option A: Walk Away
Let nature take its course.
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Example 1: 33% industrial, 33% mixed use, and
33% natural.
Example 2: Set aside (12% - Bruntland, 33% -
Noss) of the landscape to allow “natural”
functions.
Example 3: Protected / representative area
(networks), parks, conservation areas, ecological
reserves,…(land use framework?)
Example 4: Define shifting zones for allowable
energy sector development.
Natural Function Translation
Option B: Zonation
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Manage based on the needs of each species and
function. Issue by issue (i.e., pieces)
= Manage for fine filters of biodiversity.
Decision-making criteria.
Natural Function Translation
Option C: Fine Filter
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Ecological Issue #1: Pine Marten
Ecological Issue #2: Moose
Ecological Issue #3: Soil erosion
Ecological Issue #4: Productivity
……etc
Economic Issue #1: Woodflow
Economic Issue #2: Local jobs
Economic Issue #3: Outfitters
Economic Issue #4: Reduce waste
…. etc
Social Issue #1: Recreation
Social Issue #2: Hunting opp.
Social Issue #3: Local jobs
Social Issue #4: TEK
…. etc
Mgmt. Objectives
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Advantages to the Issue-
Based Approach?
Make a list.
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• Long history of research
• Target most important biological values
• Concepts easily grasped
• Science based
• Regulatory friendly
• Consistent with existing
• Tools (optimization models),
• Systems (planning standards and manuals) and
• Frameworks (SARA, certification)
Advantages to the Issue-
Based Approach
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Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach?
Make another list.
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What are
- clean water,
- non-”merchantable” species,
- nutrient cycling,
- recreational opportunities,
- natural beauty…
Worth? (compared to timber, oil, gas, etc)
Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach
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• Targets are always interpreted.
Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach
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Short-tailed
weaselTree
swallow
Mountain
bluebirdEuropean
starlingBufflehead
Mountain
chickadee
Black-capped
chickadee
Red-breasted
nuthatch
Downy
woodpecker
Pileated
woodpecker
Hairy
woodpecker
Red-naped
sapsucker
Northern
flickerNatural
Aspen
Northern
flying
squirrel
FirPine Spruce
Three-toed
woodpecker
Secondary Cavity Nesters
Trees
Weak
Excavators
Primary Excavators
ChipmunkBushy-tailed
woodratBarrow’s
goldeneyeAmerican
kestrel
Northern
saw-whet
owl
Red
squirrel
N = 950 nests
< 0.10
0.50 - 1.00
Nest Use (proportion)
0.10 - 0.49
Deer MouseShort-tailed
weaselTree
swallow
Mountain
bluebirdEuropean
starlingBufflehead
Mountain
chickadee
Black-capped
chickadee
Red-breasted
nuthatch
Downy
woodpecker
Pileated
woodpecker
Hairy
woodpecker
Red-naped
sapsucker
Northern
flickerNatural
Aspen
Northern
flying
squirrel
FirPine Spruce
Three-toed
woodpecker
Secondary Cavity Nesters
Trees
Weak
Excavators
Primary Excavators
ChipmunkBushy-tailed
woodratBarrow’s
goldeneyeAmerican
kestrel
Northern
saw-whet
owl
Red
squirrel
N = 950 nests
< 0.10
0.50 - 1.00
Nest Use (proportion)
0.10 - 0.49
< 0.10< 0.10
0.50 - 1.000.50 - 1.00
Nest Use (proportion)
0.10 - 0.490.10 - 0.49
Deer Mouse
Figure 1: This figure covers nests found between 1995-2000 where the excavator of the cavity is known. It shows the links between
species using cavity nests and those that provide the resource. For example, Bufflehead primarily used flicker cavities, but also used
Pileated woodpecker cavities, and occasionally natural holes.
Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach No such thing as an independent
species or issue.
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• Selective & subjective.
Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach
- Are the several million species that we have
not yet studied important?
- How humble is managing complex systems
only via the pieces that we know about?
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Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach
• Targets, goals are subjective.
- How many Grizz are “good” or “sustainable”?
(Is it more or less than 581?!)
- Who decides?
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• Forces tradeoff mentality
Is This Moose a social,
economic, or biological value?
Challenges to the Issue-
Based Approach
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Manage the historical
patterns and
structures of forests.
= Manage for
coarse filters of
biodiversity.
(OMNR, 2001)
Natural Function Translation
Option D: Coarse Filter
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Fire
Moose
“Hotels”
Progressive clear cut
(60’s& 70’s)
OMNR Effects & Effectiveness
– Timber Guidelines
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What Defines Natural Patterns
and Structures? Earth, water, air, fire,
& life.
Evolutionary, geologic, climatologic,
biologic, hydrologic, pedolgic …
Disturbance
Diversity and number of individuals,
species, ecosystems & interactions.
Elements of biodiversity
Long - term processes
Short - term processes
Biodiversity
Outcomes Species population levels, timber supply,
wildfire risk, clean water, recreation…
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“…organisms…have
adapted and evolved
with the natural
disturbance regimes and
therefore should be able
to cope much easier with
the ecological changes
that correspond to
timber harvest activities,
if those changes closely
resemble a natural
disturbance.”
Hunter, 1990
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How to manage our disturbance
activities…
…to correspond more closely to those of
Mother Nature….
…in an effort to better manage for (natural
levels of) biodiversity values.
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(Adapted from: D.W. Andison, L. Van Damme, D. Hebert, T. Moore, R. Bonar, S. Boutin, and M.
Donnelly. 2009. The healthy landscape approach to land management. Foothills Research Institute
Natural Disturbance program, Hinton, Alberta. January, 2009.)
• Type
• Frequency & Periodicity
• Size & Shape
• Severity
• Tendencies
Economic and Social Consequences
• Recreation
• Oil and Gas Extraction
• Clean Water Supply
• Fishing
• Timber Harvesting
• Grazing…
• Seral-stage levels
• Old forest patch sizes
• Edge density
• Coarse woody debris
• Suspended sediment & O2…
• Fire risk
• MPB risk
• Water quality
• Caribou habitat
• Grizzly bear habitat…
Disturbance Patterns
Landscape Condition
Biological
Consequences
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FOOOODD!!!!