Nationalism in India
and Southwest Asia
Nationalism after WWI
• Nationalist activity began in India,Turkey,and some of the Southwest Asian countries
Indian Nationalism Grows
• Indians applies European views of nationalism and democracy
• India Indian National Congress
1885 Muslim League 1906-Even though Hindus and Muslim were divided, they had the same goal: Independence
Nationalist Activity
• India wanted self-government• Joined the British army
– thought they would gain more rights in governmentBut NO, still treated poorly
– Angered Indians acted violently– British Governments formed
• “Rowlatt Act” : protesters in prison without trial.•Educated Indians denied this law, rebelled
Amritsar Massacre• Hindus and Muslim gather in Amritsar
– angered British – British government forbid p
ublic meetings. – British commander told the
army to kill them-> 400 died. 1200 wounded
– Angered India• Loyal Indians revolutionari
es and nationalists
Mohandas K. Gandhi
• Gandhi: Leader of Independence movement
• Politically acted with his religious ideas
• Called Mahatma = “GREAT SOUL”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zC-thcJDozQ
Civil Disobedience• Stated principle of • satyagraha= “truth-force,” • “civil disobedience”
– Disobeying unfair laws– Gandhi required “No Violence”– Purpose: weaken British government and economy• Don’t do things that will help British. • Boycott of British cloth
– Dropped British cloth sales
Salt March• Indians could only buy salt from British government
• walked 240 miles to the seacoast
– > “Salt March” • Made their own salt• Tried to shut down British salt works, but failed and were attacked by the Police
• Gandhi and 60,000 people were arrested
India Self-Rule
• Indians gain political power– Government of India Act: providing self-government•Helped move closer to full independence
– Muslims & Hindus fought for more power•Hindus # > Muslims #
Nationalism Spreads to S.W. Asia
• At the same time, Southwest Asian countries wanted independence
• Each country had separate path• Nationalism grew
– Ottoman Empire fell– Western countries had interest in SW Asia
Turkey
• Turkey: only part of Ottoman Empire left• Mustafa Kemal
– (President of Republic of Turkey)– Modernized the nation:
•Separated laws of Islam & laws of the nation•Gave women more rights/freedom-vote, public office
Turkey IN and OUT of Ottoman Empire
Persia (Iran)• Before WWI: Great Britain & Russia =sphere of influence
– British wanted all of Persia= irritated Persian nationalists– Persians wanted freedom
• Pahlavi (new leader) modernized Persia– But kept all power– Changed Persia->Iran
Persia
Iran
Before 1935
1935~
Saudi Arabia
• Held firmly to Islamic law (unlike Turkey)
• Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud wanted to unify Arabia– Formed new kingdom: Saudi Arabia
•Continued Arab & Islamic traditions
Oil and Economic Development
• Nationalism grows in Southwast Asia• Industrialized countries needed petroleum products oil interest in Southwest
Asia • Huge oil countries: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait• Persian Gulf: 2/3 of world’s oil • Westerners try to get those oil regions