Download - National Securnopity 1 Deterrence
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National Security Part 1:
Deterrence"
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Singapore’s National Security Strategy: "n prevent threats to national security
from developing in the first instance;"n protect Singapore against likely threats;
and"n recover quickly as a community should
an attack occur and return Singaporeto a state of normalcy.""
- National Security Coordination Secretariat
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Security Challenges"n Uncertain regional security
landscape"n Political & economic crises"n Possible spillover from intra-state
ethnic/religious conflicts"n
Disputes over territory and scarceresources"n WMD proliferation"n Growth of transnational terrorism"
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Security Challenges"n Changing nature of conventional warfare"n Rapid technological changesà more precise,
networked and information-driven"n Increased importance of defence technology
and highly-skilled military personnel"n
Limited resources"
n Land for military installations and training"n Manpower for combat and support "
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How can singapore respond to
these national security threatsand challenges?"
Next: Singapore’
s defence policy – deterrence & diplomacy
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Singapore’s Defence Policy"The aim of our defence policy is to ensure that Singapore
enjoys peace and stability, and that Singapore'ssovereignty and territorial integrity are protected. "
"We also want to do our part to contribute to regional peace
and security. Diplomacy and deterrence form the twinpillars of our defence policy. "
"We develop and maintain good relations with othercountries through diplomacy. These diplomatic efforts arewide-ranging and span many fields, not just in defence. "
"At the same time, we try to deter threats from emerging bycontributing to regional resilience and through our concept
of Total Defence."
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Keeping the Peace"n Deterrence"n Having enough military capacity to
dissuade aggression from potential
enemies using the threat of force"
n Diplomacy"n Resolving disputes through dialogue and
negotiation rather than military action"n Creating and maintaining links (economic,
social & political) with other countries"
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To be prepared for war is one
of the most effectual means ofpreserving peace."
- George Washington
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"Deterrence consists essentially ofan effort by one actor to persuadean opponent not to take action of
some kind against his interests byconvincing the opponent that thecosts and risks of doing so will
outweigh what he hopes to gainthereby. "- Gordon A. Craig
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Rational Deterrence Theory"n Cold War strategic concept used by US
to prevent aggression by the USSRthrough use of nuclear weapons"
n Potential aggressors compare expectedbenefits against cost of any course ofaction (e.g. attack, invasion)"
n Assumption: both actors think and willact rationally in their best interests"
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Rational Deterrence Theory"n 3 conditions for successful deterrence:"n Communication """Ability to clearly inform potential aggressor
of what actions are unacceptable"n Capability""Ability to carry out threat of force; threatmust also be sufficiently large enough"
n Credibility""Ability to convince potential aggressor ofwillingness to carry out threat"
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People sleep peaceably in
their beds at night only
because rough men standready to do violence on their
behalf.
- George Orwell
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Elements of Deterrence"n The Singapore Armed Forces (SAF)"n National Service (NS)"n Defence Technology"n Military Co-operation"
n Total Defence"
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"We have invested considerable
resources into building up adefence force that can deteraggression. ""And should deterrence fail, theSingapore Armed Forces must beable to defeat the aggressor swiftlyand decisively. "
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean
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Brief History of the SAF"1965" Independence; need to build up "" " armed forces"1967" National Service Act passed ""1968" Britain announces withdrawal"
" " Air Force and navy formed"1971" British troops withdraw from SG"" " FPDA formed"1975
"SAF formed (Army, RSN, RSAF)
"
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The SAF"n Integrated fighting system comprising
the Army, Air Force (RSAF) and Navy(RSN)"
n Strength: 33,000 regulars + 40,000 NSF+ 313,000 NSmen (reservists)"
n Budget: 6% of GDP (~$11.4bn in 2009)"n Development focus: " " " "
capability and operational readiness"
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The Army"n Composition"n 3 Combined Arms Divisions"n 2 People’s Defence Force commands"n 2 Army Operational Reserve Divisions"n Non-Divisional units (artillery, armour,
commando, engineer, logistics and signals
battalions) ""n Land combat power based on
manoeuvre, firepower and information
(3G SAF)"
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The RSAF"n Composition"n 7 fighter aircraft squadrons"n Support aircraft (transport, surveillance)"n Helicopters (attack, transport)"n Air defence artillery"n Additional training detachments in USA,
France, Australia, and Brunei"n Provides surveillance, aerial defence
and support to Army and RSN"
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The RSN"n Composition"n Fleet: 1st/3rd Flotillas + submarine sqdn.
(frigates, corvettes and submarines for anti-
sea/air, escort and transportation)"
n Coastal Command"n Naval Logistics and Training Commands"
n Provides maritime defence (territorialwaters & sea lanes) and supports Army"
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National Service "n Introduced in 1967 to deal withpost-1965 problems"n No large standing army = vulnerable to
military threats"n Poor relationships with neighbours: tensions
with Malaysia, Confrontation with Indonesia"n Imminent British withdrawal"n Insufficient $ for professional army"
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National Service "n Compulsory enlistment of all 18-year-oldmale citizens"n NSFs posted to various units &
vocations in Army, Navy, Air Force orMINDEF after 4/9/17/19-week BMT"
n 2.5 years of enlistment (now 2 years)
until Run-Out Date (ROD; nowOperationally-Ready Date or ORD)"
n 13-year reservist cycle after ORD"
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Operational Readiness"n Small size = lack of strategic depth:limited space to manoeuvre and retreat"n Constant high state of combat readiness
needed to respond to and repel surpriseattacks"
n Three main components:"n Immediate response"n Rapid mobilisation"n Organising and training just as in war"
H N ti l S i
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How National ServiceContributes to Deterrence"n Allows the SAF to (affordably) raise
enough manpower for a sizeable force"n The SAF is kept operationally ready to
rapidly respond to threats"
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"From the start, we recognisedthat technology would becrucial for overcoming the
limitations of our smallpopulation. Technology wouldbe our force multiplier."
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean
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n Post-1965 problem:
"n Shortage of military weapons & equipment"n Designs not adapted to local needs"
n Solution: develop local defence industryto acquire, upgrade, design and buildweapons systems for the SAF"n 1967: Chartered Industries of Singapore""(Ammunitions and small-arms)""à Now: ST Engineering""(Electronics, vehicles, munitions) "
Defence Technology"
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Defence Technology"n Three main entities"n DSTA (Defence Science & Tech Agency)""Acquisition, management and development
of weapon systems & technologies"n DSO National Laboratories""Research and development of new tech."n ST Engineering""Design, production, upgrading and
maintenance of weapon systems"
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Defence Technology"n Being technologically advanced is a keystrength of the SAF; "n New developments include:"n
Stand-off precision (smart guided weapons)"
n Protection (vehicle & body armour)"n Stealth (lower radar signature)"n
Unmanned aircraft & vehicles"
n Sensors & early warning systems"n Enhanced transportation capabilities"n Advanced modelling & simulators"
Primus Self Propelled Howitzer
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Bionix IFV"
Primus Self-Propelled Howitzer"
SAR 21 rifle"
H D f T h l
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How Defence TechnologyContributes to Deterrence"n Better weapon systems increases
firepower– makes the SAF more deadly"n Unmanned, stealth, protective & sensor
tech. enhances survivability"n Simulators provide necessary training
and experience"
Ad antages of local defence
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Advantages of local defenceindustry"n Reduces SAF dependence on foreign arms
suppliers as countries may not be willing toshare technology"
n Designs and manufactures defenceweapon system to suit local soldiers’ needsto fight effectively"
n Modifies and upgrades weapon systems toincrease relevance"
n Helps SAF maintain weapons and
equipment"
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"Through solid economic reform over the past three decades, Singaporehas been able to invest heavily in defence and now consistently spendsabout 5 per cent of its gross domestic product on developing its military -far more than any other country in the region. This investment has seen its
only dominant defence company - Singapore Technologies Engineering(ST Engineering) - become one of the world's most important defencefirms, with more than 100 subsidiaries in 21 countries."
"Through its Temasek Holidings investment company, the government ofSingapore owns the majority share of ST Engineering. As a likely result ofthis, ST Engineering has a very close working relationship with thecountry's armed forces. The relationship between the two is described bySingaporeans themselves as a 'defence ecosystem'. "
"Industry itself is completely dominated by the four arms of Singapore
Technologies Engineering (ST Kinetics, ST Aerospace, ST Marine and STElectronics), and the company liaises with the Singapore Armed Forces(SAF) in user trials, and developing and producing systems and platforms.All are closely linked, from shared interests to cross-posted personnel."
- Jane’s World Defence Industry
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"While the SAF's primary mission
must still be the defence ofSingapore's sovereignty andterritorial integrity, we remain
committed to contributing tointernational security operations asthese too can affect the vital
interests of Singapore." – RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean
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Military Co-operation"n Defence diplomacy develops SAF abilityto work with friendly forces and builds
close ties with other militaries"n Interactions and activities include"n Joint exercises and training"n High-level visits"n Seminars and talks"n
Attachments and courses"
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Military Co-operation"n Bilateral exercises with Australia, India,
NZ, Taiwan, USA"n
Alliances with UK, Australia, NZ,Malaysia (under FPDA) and Thailand "n Air Force training facilities in Australia
and USA; Army exercises in Thailand,Brunei, Australia and Taiwan"
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Military Co-operation"n
Five Power Defence Arrangements(FPDA)"n Formed in 1971 to preserve peace in the
region"n Member countries: Singapore, Malaysia,
Australia, New Zealand, UK"n Member states obliged to consult each
other on military matters/threats"n Deterrence against external threats to
Singapore and Malaysia"
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Military Co-operation"n
UN peacekeepingcontributions"n Over 800 personnel
from 1989-1999 " (e.g. Kosovo, Kuwait& East Timor)"
n Humanitarian aid
missions"n 2004 Aceh tsunami"n 2005 hurricane
Katrina"
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Military Co-operation"n
1991 US-Singapore Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MOU)"n Allows US access to SG air and naval
bases for training and resupply"
n 1992: US Navy logistics unit established inSG "
n 2005: Strategic Framework Agreementsigned to expand cooperation in defenseand security"
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How Military Co operaiton
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How Military Co-operaitonContributes to Deterrence"n Joint exercises and overseas training
bases provides much-needed combatexperience"
n Alliances allow access to training info,intelligence, and military hardware/tech"
n Alliances provide collective securityagainst regional threats "
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"Being a small state in asometimes turbulent region,
security is imperative for ourvery survival."
- RADM (NS) Teo Chee Hean
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SCS book pg. 58
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Total Defence"n Framework for a comprehensive & integrated
response to various threats to SG’s securityintroduced in 1984"
n Five elements of TD allow SG to effectivelyrespond to a range of internal and externalthreats to national security and stability"
n Highlights importance of civilian role in SG’sdefence against military & non-military threats"
How Total Defence Contributes
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How Total Defence Contributesto Deterrence"n Being prepared to deal with a range of threats
makes Singapore less vulnerable tounconventional attacks"