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From the Editor 1
Your Voice 2
Main Feature
Why NSC is necessary? 3
Interview
Deputy for Infrastructure Development Bappenas
Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna 8
Regulation
Governmnet Regulation No. 38/2007 on Distribution of Government
Affairs management between National, Provincial, and
Kabupaten/Kota Governments 11
Insight
Sanitation as Common Responsibility 13
In anticipation of Conference on Climate change 15
Perspectives of WSS Network Management 19
Lessons Learned from Water Supply and Household
Latrine Development 22
Our Guest
H. Bambang Murtiyoso on Wayang Story 26
Reportase
Learning a lesson from Tanjung Tiga Village 28 Water Supply management in two villages 30
Mirror
WSS Developmnet in Kabupaten Boalemo 32
Around WASPOLA 33
Around WSS 41
Program
Love Water Program 45
Abstract
Reducing Detergent Content using clay soil 47
IATPI Clinic 48
CD Info 49
Book Info 50
Website Info 51
WSS Bibliography 52
Agenda
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id
Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
Published by:
Water Supply and SanitationWorking Group
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement,
Department of Public Works
Board of Trustee:
Director of Settlement and Housing,
National Development Planning Agency
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works
Director of Natural Resources and
Appropriate Technology, Director Generalon Village and Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor:
Oswar Mungkasa
Board of Editor:
Zaenal Nampira,
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto
Editor:Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Dyota Condrorini
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih
Production:
Machrudin
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113http://www.ampl.or.id
e-mail: [email protected]
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity.
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Indonesia is located in the tropic with two seasons. Dry and
wet. Each of the seasons comes alternately within a year every
year. As a blessing from God men must be thankful to Him.
It is quite unfortunate, though, that each of the two seasons
always brings us disaster. Water scarcity in dry season. Water
seems to disappear from the earth surface. Men are in difficul-
ty to find water source.
In rainy season flood is almost a certainty. Floodwater is
continuously lying in wait, it may come anytime. And Jakarta
is a place that cannot escape from the problem of flood.
Flood occurs in all the places where such disaster comes
time after time. It is also usual that land slide and strong wind
follow the rainy days. It's not infrequent that this natural phe-
nomenon also takes its tolls.
All this happens because we never realize that we have to
thank God for His blessing and behave ourselves. We fail to
protect water spring in anticipation of dry season and in the
same way we neglect environmental conservation in anticipa-tion of wet season.
It seems that water is the source of disaster. Though essen-
tially it is not water by itself that causes us to suffer, it is the
consequence of man's carelessness.
After experiencing a relatively long dry season that causes
drought in many places, November is the time for rainy season.
Flood, landslide, and whirlwind take turn to threat us all.
In addtion to raw water, which is in great demand regard-
less of the season, another human basic demand is sanitation.
The availability of good raw water source does not guarantee a
good sanitation, or vice versa.
Sanitation development, particularly domestic waste
including human waste treatment system, is an effort that
needs involvement of many parties, government, community
and private sector.
It is for this purpose that a National Sanitation Conference
(NSC) 2007 is to take place. This major event is discussed in
Percik's main feature XX edition. This national conference is
scheduled for 19-20 November 2007 in Jakarta and will bear a
theme "Resources Mobilization for Sanitation Development
Acceleration."
National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007 is one of the
government efforts to build the stakeholders cooperation and
commitment to sanitation sector development.
In the eyes of the decision makers sanitation hopefully, will
be a priority. NSC 2007 is Indonesian preparatory step in
anticipation of International Year of Sanitation 2008.
In this edition Percik presents you an interview with Dr. Ir.
Dedy Supriadi Priatna, Deputy for Infrastructure Development,
Bappenas particularly on the subject of NSC 2007. In his opi-
nion sanitation has attracted the government attention, but it is
not yet a priority. The fact is, sanitation is given a very limited
budget to allow a satisfactory development. On average the
kabupaten and kota annual budget allocation for sanitation
varies between 0.5 - 1.5 percent of the total.
While the community demand to sanitation access is real
and cannot wait. It is deemed necessary to guide the commu-
nity's initiative and self reliance. The Community Led TotalSanitation (CLTS) and Sanimas are programs that are consid-
ered successful and have led the community to improved
household sanitation system.
It seems we have to learn something from the success made
by Kabupaten Muara Enim in South Sumatra. One of the vil-
lages, namely Desa Tanjung Tiga has succeeded in motivating
the community to build household latrine without any subsidy.
Not less interesting as it is something entirely new that WSS
issue is disseminated through shadow puppet show. This was
initially mentioned during "Central Java Dalang Meeting 2007"
held by Centra Java Regional Office of Indonesia Dalang
Association in Semarang 27 October 2007. Dalang is the nar-
rator in a shadow puppet show. The relevant article is present-
ed in a column Around WASPOLA.
We are aware that what we present to you in this magazine
is still far from being perfect. Therefore, your comments and
suggestions for improvement are most welcome. And we hope
this media will always become useful reference and informa-
tion for all of us.
FROM THE EDITOR
1
Percik
October 2007
The shallowing of Ciliwung river cause flood in rainy season.Source: Bowo Leksono.
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Request for PercikBack Edition
Dear Editor,
I'd acknowledge with thanks receipt
of Percik, which God willing will always be very useful. I have previously received
and kept earlier editions of Percik from
meetings in Bappenas and Tarkim in
Jakarta. But when I brought them for
display in a Community Exhibition many
visitors get so interested. If it'd be possi-
ble I'd appreciate it once again that you
be kind enough to send me back edition
of Percik for dissemination. Thank you
in advance
Ria Ismaria
Dear Ms Ria Ismaria,
We would also thank you for dissem-
inating the information contained in
Percik. We will do our best, God willing,
to send you some back numbers of
Percik. Please send your mail address to
us. Editor
Sendingarticle to Percik
Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb.
Once I read Percik in the Regional
Library. I find it quite valuable for refe-rence in the related subject. As usual, if I
read a magazine, what interest me most
are the articles. Interesting to read,
study, and to contribute an article too. My
question is, what are the criteria for an
article in Percik?
Wassalam
Astrid Meutia
Semarang
Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb
Dear Ms Astrid,
Thank you very much for your kind
attention. Basically the criteria for an
article for Percik are the same with the
general rule followed by any other mag-
azine. The content should not be too aca-
demical, meaning that it must be easily
understood by the readers. At least two
pages long or equivalent to 8,000 char-
acters and of course discusses a subject
matter within the realm of what the
magazine is intended for. It'd be prefer-
able if photographs are attached. Thearticle can be sent by mail or e-mail.
Please include your bank account. There
will be compensation for a published
article. Editor
Irregularity
I may say that I am one of the loyal
Percik readers since its very beginning.
There is a lot of useful information
derived from it. But how come that lately the arrival time table is irregular?
Bintang
Perum Islamic, Tangerang
Dear Mr. Bintang,
Thank you very much for your atten-
tion. Please apologyze for the delay in
Percik mailing lately. There have been
some technical difficulties in the print-
ing. We hope that next time the mailing
will become timely as usual. Editor
How long?
There aren't many magazines that
deal specifically with water supply and
environmental sanitation. It is undeni-
able fact that there are lots we can obtain
from this magazine. But, how long will
this publication last?
Naniek Pangestuti
Bogor
Dear Ms Naniek,
Thank you very much for your
thoughtful concern. We are happy and
proud that this magazine is useful to its
readers. Let's pray this magazine will
last a lifetime and beyond. Editor.
YOUR VOICE
2
Percik
October 2007
E d i t o r i a l C a r t o o n
rudiKOZ
Created by Rudi Kosasih
Just testingwhat’s it likein 2010...
CLIMATE
CHANGE
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The National Sanitation Conference 2007 was initiated
by the stakeholders who are deeply concerned about
sanitation condition in Indonesia, especially as it relates
to MDGs 2015. While according to statistics of 2006 sanitation
service coverage has increased up to 69.34 percent, the numbersdo not tell us anything about the quality of the facility, whether
it is functioning well, or is being used accordingly, whether it
meets hygiene and technical standards, etc. There is a strong
signal that the real coverage is much lower than the data indi-
cate. This is evidenced from the widespread prevalence of poor
sanitation related diseases. Similar issue also occur in other
sanitation service, i.e solid waste and drainage system of which
the coverage is also way below satisfactory level.
Several measures have been taken to answer this challenge.
In spite of sanitation development, the impact is insignificat re-
lative to the magnitude of the problem. Considering the big
demand for sanitation and on the other hand there is only limit-
ed resources available, it is deemed necessary to call for a com-
mon effort involving the government and all the existing deve-
lopment partners (community, private sector, NGO, and donor
institution).
Realizing the above fact, the government together with the
stakeholders decided to take an important step toward accelera-
tion of sanitation development. The step is the National
Sanitation Conference 2007. It is hoped that this conference will
serve as means for exchange of information, stakeholder conper-
ation, and eventually synergy and strategic step toward sanita-
tion development in Indonesia.
Resources Mobilization for acceleration of sanitation
development
This subtitle will be the major theme of the conference. This
subject was summarized from a series of discussions and meet-
ings involving all of the various components of Water Supply
and Sanitation Development Working Group (WSS-WG). After
a review by WSS Steering Committee, it was agreed that
"Resources Mobilization for Acceleration of Sanitation
Development" will promote the processes taking place during
the conference to translate into efforts of improving the per-
formance of sanitation development in Indonesia.
In this connection, WSS-WG and consultant team of
Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP)
came to an agreement that the agenda of the conference will dis-
MAIN FEATURE
3
Percik
October 2007
Technology Choice in Sanitation Development. Source: ISSDP.
WHY NSC IS
NECESSARY?
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cuss pertinent issues including social
campaign, funding, stakeholder involve-
ment, technology choice, and institution-
al development. These are the issues gov-
erning sanitation development in
Indonesia and therefore agenda will focuson these matters. Finally, it is expected
that the conference will come up with a
recommendation that the decision mak-
ers are willing to translate it into follow
up actions especially in the light of
improving sanitation condition of this
country.
Funding strategy
For the last 6 years since the begin-
ning of regional autonomy, the responsi- bility for sanitation development has
been in the hands of the region. Yet the
budget allocation remains very low,
somewhere around 1 percent of the total
annual budget. In the meantime the
urban development continuously
demands for acceptable sanitation facili-
ty. Therefore there is strong plea for
more money invested to improve sanita-
tion system to cope with the urban devel-
opment.
The general issue faced by the region
(especially kota) is the limited financial
capacity for all development require-
ments, including sanitation. For this it is
deemed necessary to look for break-
through to investigate potential sources
of funding for sanitation development.
Pursuant to the existing rule and regula-
tion it is possible for inviting sanitation
development cooperation with higher
level of the government hierarchy, i.e
provincial government and central gov-
ernment.
Further, sanitation system develop-
ment may be condusted by the communi-
ty or the provate sector. Other prossible
source is loan. Through conducting a
group discussion on "Strategy of Funding
for Sanitation Development" the confer-
ence hopefully could come up with fresh
ideas in digging potential funding sources
for sanitation development in order to
provide insight on funding sources for
investment in sanitation in accordance
with the demand of city development.
More than that, from this discussion it is
expected to produce outcome in the form
of fiancial models for sanitation develop-
ment planning in Indonesia.
Technology choice
Sanitation service provision will not
immediately solve all the existing prob-
lems. Poor septic tanks, using drainage
ditch for both wastewater disposal and
solid waste dumping pusposes, poor solid
waste management combined with low
technical capacity all are part of sanita-
tion problem in Indonesia. Sanitation is
no longer the concern of individual, it is a
common issue involving the government
(central as well as regional), NGO, private
sector, and the community. An empow-
erment and facilitation scheme is
required to improve participation and
involvement of all stakeholders, particu-
larly the community, in planning, opera-
tion, and O&M of sanitation facility.
Therefore, the regional government in
its capacity of development agent must be
able to develop sanitation based on
demand responsiveness approach by way
of change in development paradigm from
supply driven to demand driven.
MAIN FEATURE
4
Percik
October 2007
Social campaign in sanitation development. Source: ISSDP.
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In general, the theme or material
seleted for a conference is some-
thing great of what is still "in". Why
a sanitation conference?
Actually, the theme of this conference
is something extraordinary considering it
is directly related to the community well-
being. In addition, Indonesia is one of
the nations committed to MDGs, and one
of the targets is provision of safe and
acceptable sanition to the community.
One of the main issues in this context is
MDGs target achievement.
Based on a report entitled A Future
within Reach and Asia-Pacific MDGs
Report 2006 released by UNDP,
Indonesia belongs to those countries suf-
fering from setback in MDGs target
achievement. The report places
Indonesia together with Bangladesh,
Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea, and Philippines. The
challenge for Indonesia to reach target
number 7 i.e. reducing by half in 2015 the
number of population currently without
access to water supply and basic sanita-
tion, is extremely difficult. To catch up
with this delay requires involvement of all
stakeholders including the government,
private sector, community, donor institu-
tion, NGO and university. For this pur-
pose it is necessary for a forum such as
National Sanitation Conference, to unite
all stakeholders related to sanitation
development. Through this forum it is
hoped to generate an exchange of infor-mation, building commitment and coope-
ration among stakeholders.
What is the world's attention to
sanitation?
Globally, the international communi-
tys attention is improving. Several sani-
tation related conferences have been held
in various countries, at national and at
regional levels. The peak of international
attention is an agenda on International
Year of Sanitation 2008 by the UN. This
launching is based on deep concern of the
international community from the slow
quality improvement attempts regarding
sanitation by many nations and therefore
it is necessary to build commitment and
real action by all nations, civil society,
NGOs, and other international institu-
tions.
What about Indonesia?
In Indonesia, the efforts towardsimprovement of service quality and cov-
erage have been tried. In addition to
introduction of various sanitation deve-
lopment approaches, several activities
which are essentially an advocacy to san-
itation have also been tried. This NSC
2007 is also part of these efforts. In addi-
tion it is also intended as preparatory
INTERVIEW
8
Percik
October 2007
Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, M.Sc
IT'S BEEN GIVEN ATTENTION BUT
STILL WANT PRIORITY
The poor sanitation in Indonesia is
because there are many who consider
that sanitation is the responsibility of
individual family, and the problem is con-
sidered over if a family has constructed a
good sanitation facility. In fact, in daily
life the government, community as well
as other parties each has its share to the
poor environmental sanitation condition.
For this, it is necessary to organize a
specifically designed conference for sani-
tation sector improvement. What does
the sanitation condition in Indonesia
presently look like and what linkage has it with the National Sanitation
Conference (NSC) 2007? The following is an interview with Dr. Ir. Dedy
Supriadi Priatna, MSc., Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas.
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activity to support the International Year
of Sanitation 2008.
What is the community's and the
decision makers' opinion regarding
sanitation?
In general, the majority of the popula-
tion still think that sanitation is individ-
ual concern and quality of service does
not belong to something worth consider-
ing. Many families have no latrine in
their home or defecation anywhere in the
open. They still do not see that poor sa-
nitation habit of only anyone in the com-
munity will adversely affect the health of
others in the neighbourhood. How the
diarrhoea epidemic in Kecamatan
Sepatan in Tangerang recently is a reflec-tion of this matter.
While for the decision makers it is an
obvious fact that the knowledge about the
importance of sanitation is still needed in
one way or the other. This is reflected
from the limited attention to sanitation
development in terms of budget alloca-
tion. On average, sanitation budget for
cities all over the country is between 0.5
to 1.5 percent of the total annual budget.
What must the community and
the decision makers do?
The community as the service user
must be willing to be involved in the
whole development process. The com-
munity must be willing to convey its aspi-
ration and demand because this kind of
information is in great demand for plan-
ning and designing sanitation develop-
ment that meets the community demand.
The community is expected to get
involved in development phase and later
in sustaining the O&M of the facility.
What are the consequences of
sanitation problem?
Failure to properly manage sanitation
leads to physical as well as non physical
consequences. Physically it may come in
the form of loss in opportunity cost as a
result of sanitation related diseases, par-
ticularly losses from the opportunity to
work. The daily worker's absence means
he misses the day's wage. For school chil-
dren it means reducing school attendance
for sickness.
The above condition also inflicts other
kind of loss such as additional cost for the
community to see a doctor for treatment.
A study summarizes that the rate of dis-
ease prevalence from poor sanitation
condition in Indonesia is very high.
Thyphoid is 800 cases for every 100,000
people. This is the highest in Asia.
Diarrhoea 300 for every 1,000 people.
Other losses relate to surface water
contamination from organic materials.
BOD content makes water smells bad.The implication is higher water treatment
costs.
The biggest loss is the declining
Indonesian reputation in the eyes of the
world community. In addition to dirty
city environment Indonesia is considered
as a nation that pays no heed to healthy
living. As a whole, based on a study by
ADB, the economic losses related to poor
sanitation is estimated at Rp42.3 trillion
per year or somewhere around 2 percent
of GDP.
Is the government aware of the
problem or is it not?
Actually the government is well aware
of this matter. Pursuant to Law No.
32/2004 on Regional Autonomy, articles
13 and 14 mention that the regional gov-
ernment is responsible for sanitation
service provision. But in reality the budg-
et for this sector is extremely low. So in
essence this sector has been in the gov-
ernment's attention but unfortunately it
isn't a priority.
What are the steps to be taken to
convince the community that sani-
tation is important?
Basically no one wants a problem.
Based on this fact, in promoting sanita-
tion to the community the first thing to be
put forward is the disadvantages or pro-
blems to be faced if sanitation is in poor
INTERVIEW
9
Percik
October 2007
Source: ISSDP
To address sanitation the involument of issue all stakeholders areneeded, as well as material. Don’t be afraid to give somethingwrong, everythink must be useful and don’t walt until someonestart. Just go ahead and do it! Achieve the target of MGDs
BRING WHAT
You can Give
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condition. As it is with the community, the information about
the disadvantages must be presented in more detail to the deci-
sion makers, the government and the legislative as well, to make
them fully understand about the importance of sanitation.
The following step consists of building a linkage between
sanitation with other sectors' development. Based on the exist-
ing sanitation programs, domestic as well as overseas, there are
lessons learned that improved access to sanitation is significant-
ly correlated with improvement of economic well-being of the
communities.
What does it look in reality?
Various advocacy efforts have been made through WSS
development programs such as Sanimas (Sanitation by the
Community), WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for Low Income
Communities), CLTS (Community Total Led Sanitation), Pro Air
and others. In the implementation of these programs, advocacy
and community preparation to improve the awareness and to
excite the demand for improved sanitation is conducted prior to
physical development.
What are the parties to be involved in resolving san-itation problem in Indonesia?
The first party to be involved is the community. This is
because the poor sanitation directly influences their life so that
the effort to improve sanitation condition must involve the
whole community. The other party is the government from the
central level down to the regions. The government plays facili-
tating role, and must put a heavier weight to improvement of
community access to basic sanitation and reduce the rate of
environmental pollution. However, the government role cannot
be separated from legislative intervention both at the central
and regional levels, particularly in terms of budget allocation.
This means that members of DPR/DPRD must also be involved
in solving sanitation problems in Indonesia.
Other parties outside the government may also be actively
involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution that is close to the
community may become the government partner in facilitating
the community to adopt the appropriate approaches for sanita-
tion development. Beside that, the corporate sector may also be
involved in facility development to bring the service closer to the
community. The CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiat-
ed by the pivate sector has indicated that private companies are
willing to get involved in the improvement of community access
to sanitation.
The press can also be involved in sanitation program.
Information dissemination through mass media (printed, TV
and radio) is quite effective in improving community awareness
to the importance of sanitation.
What does the NSC 2007 agenda consist of?
The 3-day National Sanitation Conference will consist of the
following agenda:
Full-day seminar, to discuss aspects in promoting sanita-
tion management and to formulate action plans related to
integrated efforts in sanitation management in Indonesia.
Field visit, to locations around Jakarta that have been suc-
cessful in dealing with neighbourhood scale sanitation
problem, in terms of solid or liquid waste.
Sanitation expo, this is a support activity, displaying va-rious innovation and environmental engineering, NGO and
private sector as forum for training and information
exchange in communication, technology and best practices
related to sanitation. In addition, a declaration of stake-
holders' commitment to undertake efforts for speeding up
community demand fulfillment in terms of acceptable sa-
nitation and a plea to other stakeholders to join in the
acceleration efforts. Bowo Leksono
INTERVIEW
10
Percik
October 2007
Source: ISSDP
BRING WHAT
You can Give
Other parties outside the government may also be
actively involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution
that is close to the community may become the
government partner in facilitating the community to
adopt the appropriate approaches for sanitation
development.
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G
overnment Regulation (GR) is a
legal product of the lower order
and is intended to provide tech-
nical guidance to implement the law or
any regulation of the higher order. After
a Law is declared effective it does not
readily implementable without the help
of a technical guidance on how it shall be
put into implementation.
One of the long awaited implementa-
tion guuidance is GR No. 38 on the divi-
sion of administration affairs beween the
central and regional (provincial and
kabupaten/kota) governments. This GR
provides guidance for the implementa-
tion of Law No. 32/2004 on Regional
Government Administration and Law No.
25/2007 on Investment. Before the
issuance of the present GR the implemen-
tation of regional authority is based on
GR No. 25/2000 the substance of which
is given in Law No. 22/1999.
For more than 2 years since the
issuance of Law No. 32/2004 which sub-
stantively contains regional administra-
tion, yet the regional government is in
short of guidance to run the administra-
tion as it is required to do. Several ad-
ministrative affairs overlap one another
and coordination between provincial and
kabupaten governments is difficult to
establish.
With the issuance of the present GR it
is hoped that the regions would be able
improve their public service perform-
ance. What remains to be seen is whether
this GR provides sufficient answers asked
by the regions to run regional autonomy?
Implementation of regional auton-
omy
Basically, regional autonomy is
intended to help to make the manage-
ment of government affairs simpler and
easier by distributing part of the over
REGULATION
11
Percik
October 2007
Government Regulation No. 38of 2007 on Division of
Administration Affairs betweenthe Central, Provincial and
District Government
Source: WASPOLA
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extended responsibilities to the regional level. Several govern-
ment affairs that are directly related to community wellbeing
must be relinquished to the region in order to produce an opti-
mum result. Therefore, full decentralization (regional autono-
my) is made into effect to transfer part of the central govern-ment authority into the hands of the region.
The practice till recently was that decentralization was limit-
ed to adiminstrative affairs. All affairs relinquished to the
regions are part of central government resposnsibility for
regions to finish and be accountable for. The implementation of
the various affairs must be undertaken based on a fixed norm,
standard, procedure and criteria. What the regions need to do is
to go ahead with the implementation based on what has been
fixed. The same is true with financing, infrastructure and
recruitment of employees. Everything has been made available
by the central government. Everything will become a routine job
of the region.
The impact of the GR issuance
With the issuance of the present GR it is obvious that it has
some effect to the region's authority. I could be lighter and heav-
ier, depending on the characteristics of an individual region.
This GR provide centainty for the region to enforce its authority.The authority includes duties and responsibilities to run the
public management. Article 2 (4) of the GR specifies that there
are 31 sectors which the central and the regional governments
share the development responsibilites. The sharing is still in
preparation, pending issuance of more detailed technical guide-
line from the ministerial/head of non department agency, and
also the issuance of a regulation from the respective regional
government.
WSS related regulation
Of the 31 sectors, several of them are related to water sup-
ply and environmental sanitation, including health, housing,
spatial plan, environment, woman empowerment and child
protection, rural community development, forestry, and
energy and mineral resources. While the regional govern-
ment (provincial, kabupaten/kota) is authorized to issue re-
gulations in accordance with the regional condition, such as
provision of technical recommendation for deep well ground-
water extraction, and water extraction and construction of
wall protecvtion to a ground water basin. Also in determin-
ing groundwater conservation area, water extraction quanti-
ty, data and information management regarding groundwa-
ter and mineral resources.
In relations to environment the authority includes environ-
mentasl impact control and natural resources conservation.
Especially with environmental impact control, water quality
control and pollution prevention, the regions have an extensive
authority. This includes management and classification of water
source, water quality monitoring, pollution control and preven-
tion, supervision, etc. While in relations to Environmental
Impact Assessments (AMDAL), includes AMDAL valuation in
relations to the type of business based on the standard, norm,
and procedure as determined by the government. While the
region is authorized to undertake supervision of management
and environment monitoring according type of business with
AMDAL obligation. The extent of regional authority is also
given in the sub-section on biodiversity resources conservation,
including enforcement of law on environment. Bowo Leksono
REGULATION
12
Percik
October 2007
Sources: WASPOLA
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The provision of acceptable sanita-
tion to the community is pressing
and cannot wait any longer.
Sanitation problem may not be taken asindividual problem and the government
may stay clear of the responsibility. This
is because sanitation significantly relates
to the prevalence of several diseases such
as diarrhoea, infection of upper respirato-
ry tract, dengue fever, and tuberculosis.
Mortality rate from these diseases is stag-
gering. Poor access to water supply and
sanitation, poor hygiene behaviour are
responsible for the death of 1.8 million
people a year from diarrhoea around the
globe, 90 percent of them are children
below 5 years old.
For Indonesia, according toDemographic Survey in 2003 about 19
percent or 100.000 children below 5
years age died from diarrhoea. In 2006 it
is recorded that 423 out of 1,000 children
suffer from diarrhoea once or twice a
year. While in fact, according to WHO,
94 percent of diarrhoeal case can be pre-
vented by access to clean water, basic
sanitation, hygiene behaviour and
domestic scale water treatment.
It is now about halfway in the time
table when we have to reach the MDGs
2015, yet water supply and sanitation
condition in Indonesia is still far from being satisfactory. UNDP report on
Human Development achievement in
Indonesia is falling behind. By 2015 the
Indonesian MDGs target is set at 69 per-
cent of the population will have access to
water supply and 72.5 percent to accept-
able basic sanitation. In reality it will be
only at 58 percent and 65 percent respec-
tively. Centralized waste treatment faci-
lity is present only in 10 cities, 62.29 per-
cent of urban poopulation and 24.37 per-
cent of the rural flush their exrement intoseptic tank. The number of household
with acceptable drainage system stands
only at 57.18 percent. This is one reason
for the high frequency of diarrhoeal out-
break and the occurrence of flood.
Almost 80 percent of urban families
use septic tank to contain human excre-
ment. However, the tanks are built with-
out considering the technical require-
ments for healthy environment. As a
result, millions of our population is
always threatened by e. coli contamina-tion.
Department of Health records indi-
cate that diarrhoea is the second in the
list of major infant mortality after
preumonia. Poor water quality causes
300 diarrhoeal cases for 1,000 people.
Poor sanitation is blamed for e.coli
bacteria pollution in the community
INSIGHT
13
Percik
October 2007
S A N I T A T I O N AS A COMMONRESPONSIBILITY
By: Dilla Prameswari*
Source: ISSDP
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I
n a short while Indonesia will be
recorded in history to host a
Conference on Climate Change.
This article attempts to provide a brief
picture on the importance of climate
change issue and its connection to water
supply and environmental sanitation.
The importance of Conference on
Climate Change
How important is the conference can
be seen from important guests, among
others Al Gore the Nobel Laureate for
Peace, Ban Kim Moon the UN Secretary
General, and Kevin Rudd the Australian
Prime Minister. Their presence together
with 12,000 participants representing
189 nations of the world is motivated by
the fact that the world is being faced with
increasingly warmer temperature.
Records indicate that within the last 100
years the global temperature has
increased by 0.7 degree Celcius and it is
estimated that unless production and
consumption acceleration could be
brought down by year 2100 world tem-perature will increase by 3 degrees
Celcius. This condition will influence
world climate at various different conse-
quences from sea level increase that will
submerge land areas, islands and even
countries in the Pacific and the Atlantic;
threat to food resilience due climatic
INSIGHT
15
Percik
October 2007
IN ANTICIPATION OF
CONFERENCE ON CLIMATECHANGE
Denpasar, 3-14 December 2007
200 years ago CO2 content in the atmosphere was around 280 ppm, and today ithas gone up to 383 ppm. If this condition continues, according to Tim Flannery inhis book “We Are The Weather Makers” (2006) the CO2 content will reach 560 ppm.What will happen? Air temperature will increase up to 4.5 degrees Celcius. Sealevel will increase up to 90 cm.
Developed countries with about 15 percent of the total world population con-tribute almost half of greenhouse emission (particularly CO2) into the atmos-phere. As a reflection, the foot path (CO2 emission produced from life style) of 19million New York population) is bigger than the footpath left by 766 million peopleof fifty (50) less developed nations.
Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) involving appoximately 2,500experts and 800 scientific authors confirm the reduction of snow and ice cap of theworld. In the northern hemisphere ice cap in spring is reduced by 2 percent by thedecade of 1966. In the Arctic region, since 1978 the ice cap has been less 2.7 per-cent per decade.
Important Facts
Big industries contribute carbondioxide the cause of global warming.Source: www_8thfire_net
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inconsistencies; increase of prevalences of water related diseases
(Further please see box on Impact of Global Warming).
Causal factor
Global warming takes place as a result of accumulation of
pollutant gases called green house gasses working as natural gas
cover that at a certain concentration protects the earth and keep
it warm and comfortable to live in. The greenhouse gases are
carbondioxide (CO2), dinitroxide (N2O), methane (CH4), sul-
furhexaflouride (SF6) and perflourocarbons (PFCs). However,
with the increase of CO2 gas as a result of burning of fossil fuel
by industries, transport, forest fire and conversion of land use
pattern, global warming takes place. This condition is aggravat-
ed by thinning of ozone layer from excessive use of aerosols. The
thinner ozone layer is the more the short wave solar radiation
enters the earth. This produces green house effect. Earth
becomes warmer, sea level increases and changes of climatic
pattern.
A long fought struggle
It was Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, who first
expressed concern of global warming phenomenon in 1894. In
essence he mentioned that CO2 is an important element in con-
trolling the earth temperature. Increase in CO2 content will
increase earth emperature. Excessive use of fossil fuel will cause
increase in CO2 and increase of earth temperature.
This concern did not get sufficient response until UN
General Assembly initiated establishment of Intergovernmental
Negotiating Committee (INC) with task to negotiate a draft
material for Convention on Climate Change. The result was
brought to UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was
agreed to become UN Framework Covention on Climate Change.
Beginning from 1995 it was for the first time Conference of the
Parties (COP) was held in Berlin. From then on the conference
is held every year until it is Indonesia to hold the 13th UN
Stakeholders Conference on Climate Change (or United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC) and at
the same time the third Stakeholders Meeting on Kyoto Protocol
(Meeting of Parties/MOP on Kyoto Protocol) at Nusa Dua, Bali
13-14 December 2007.
Kyoto Protocol
Of the series of conferences the Kyoto Conference in 1997
produced the most important document called Kyoto Protocol.
The document mentions clearly the direction for the implemen-
tation of Conference on Climate Change. And in addition, it also
introduced new business practices through transaction of green-
house emission called carbon trading. Developed nations that
are unable to fulfill their responsibility can buy carbon from
another country. Carbon credit is cash money from the amount
of carbon reduced. Indonesia signed the protocol in 1998 and
ratified it in 2004.
There are three (3) important steps within Kyoto Protocol
relate to reduction of greenhouse gas emission (i) emissions
INSIGHT
16
Percik
October 2007
a. Climate change Increase of world temperature Heavier rainfall. Rainfall increases by 2-3 percent per
annum and a shorter rainy season in Indonesia, increasingflood risks.
Sahara and other deserts become drier. Hot waves happenmore frequently.
Winter becomes colder
b. Agriculture and forestry Change in the pattern of precipitation, evaporation, spill
water, and soil moisture. Increase temperature, short rainyseason, because rainfall intensity increases.
Risk of explosion of plant pests and diseases Threat to food resilience. Decrease in productivity and pro-
duction level due to disruption of water cycle brought bychanges in precipitation pattern and increase in the anom-aly of extreme weather. Bappenas data (2004) estimatethat Indonesian agriculture productivity will decrease at arate equivalent to 6 billion US dollars per annum
Forest fire. The air is dry, intense sunshine and wind blowcausing forest fire.
c. Marine lifeo Increase of world average sea level estimated at 0.77 mm
per annum during the period 1991-2004 The impact of sealevel increase for Indonesia is the shrinking of fertile agri-cultural lands along the coastal peneplain
o Warmer sea water adversely affects marine biodiversity.
d. Diseaseo Increase prevalence of water related vector disseminated
diseaseso Global warming will disrupts the pattern of climate, one of
the impacts is flooding. During flood several diseases such
as diarrhoea, leptospirosis will spread more extensivelyo Climate change causes dengue fever and malarial mosqui-
toes more dangerous. Their life cycle will be shortened.Their population may easily explode.
e. Animal lifeo Change of habitat. The extinction of coastal regions may
adversely affect biodiversity and population migration.o Reduction of amphibial population globally
f. Fresh water crisiso Polar and high mountain ice caps thaw, seasonal cycle will
drastically change, and the world will suffer from freshwater shortage.
The Impact of Global Warming
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trading, this is a transaction between the
party capable of reducing carbon emis-
sion with one that is unable to carry out
the responsibility. This mechanism ope-
rates among developed nations. A devel-
oped nation unable to carry out the
responsibility can be exempted from the
responsibility if it pays another developed
nation if the latter can cut an equal
amount of carbon emission, (ii) joint
implementation. A developed nations
that is unable to meet the target of reduc-
ing emission may initiate a cooperation
with other party in implementing indus-
try at a reduced carbon emission, (iii)
clean development mechanism (CDM).
The opportunity for cooperation between
a developing nation free from the respon-
sibility of reducing carbon emission with
a developed nation with obligation to car-
bon emission.
Handling Strategy
In general there are two strategies for
handling global warming problem as
agreed in the UN Framework Covention
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), they are
(i) mitigation consisting of finding ways
to curb greenhouse emission rate; (ii)
adaptation consisting of ways to over-
come the consequences from climate
change through appropriate adaptation
measures to mitigate the adverse effects
or making use its beneficial effects.
The Intergovernmental Panel for
Climate Change (IPCC) offers a more
effective recommendation reducing emis-
sion. In energy sector, reducing fossil
fuel subsidy, carbon tax for fossil fuel use,
obligation to use renewable fuel and sub-
sidy incentive. In transport sector reduc-
tion of fossil fuel and replacing it with
biofuel and non motorized transport sys-
tem, using more mass transport system.
The Kyoto Protocol introduces three
(3) mitigation schemes, i.e emissions
trading, joint implementation, and clean
development mechanism. More recently
there is a new scheme emission mitiga-
tion and land degradation. This scheme
offers reforestation and prevention of
deforestation as means for prevention of
global warming.
Panning for funds from Waste
Management
As it happens we weren't quite aware
that a waste hill is producing greenhouse
gases particularly CO2 and methane. As a
reflection the waste hill of Bandung pro-
duces 300 thousand tons of CO2 per year
(LPPM ITB). While the existing waste
can be incinerated to produce electricity
so that gas emission is zero. This is what
later becomes an opportunity to obtain
funding from CDM scheme. The amount
of CO2 emission reduction can be
exchanged with a certain amount of cash.
If one ton is equivalent to USD10 then the
exchange value for Bandung CO2 emis-
sion equals Rp27 billion a year.
Reduction of methane gas emission
through burning the gas can also be con-
verted into money through CDM scheme.
The way to do it is through natural fer-
mentation i.e compaction of the waste.
The methane gas so produced is then
burned out. Burning of methane gas is
also producing carbondioxide, but
methane is 23 times more dangerous
than is carbondioxide. So that 1 cu.m
methane is equivalent to 23 cu.m carbon-
dioxide, or burning 1 cu. m methane will
reduce 22 cu. m carbon gas emission.
The reduction of carbon emission can be
exchanged with Certified Emission
Reduction (CER) that may be sold to
developed nation. An industrialized
nation buying this certificate means that
the respective nation is considered as
having reduced her emission equivalent
to the value of the CER certificate.
Of course there is up to now a contro-
versy behind the use of waste for power
generating plant. In the process, it pro-
duces dioxin and acid gases from the
incineration. Both are dangerous to envi-
ronment and to human health. However,
research indicates that dioxin is only pro-
duced at an incineration below 800
degrees Celcius. While acid gases can be
prevented by operating reactor circulat-
ing fluidized bed (RCB).
Indonesian condition
According to Global Fluid Dynamics
and Goddart International Space Study, it
is estimated that the temperature in
Indonesia will increase by 2 to 4.2
degrees Celcius in 2050-2070. However,
there are presently several phenomena
indicating that Indonesia has been affect-
ed by the global warming. Among others
(i) thinning of snow cap covering
Jayawijaya mountain in Papua, (ii) air
INSIGHT
17
Percik
October 2007
o Do not burn your waste in the yard around the house. The smoke contains CO2 and
dioxin.o Put 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle into practice so that waste produced is
minimized.
o Do not use plastic bag. In the world, from 500 billion plastic bags produced only
3% is recycled. Use bags made from paper or recycleable material.
o Do no throw away tissue and used paper. This measure may reduce forest clearing
for tissue and pulp industries. Each ton of recycled paper you save 19 tree stands.
(Source: Gatra)
Tips for Reducing Gas Emission
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temperature in some big cities like
Jakarta, Medan, Denpasar is increasing
around 0.2 to 3 degrees Celcius, (iii) high-
er rainfall intensity combined with a
longer dry season, (iv) there are approxi-
mately 20 islands sunk below the surface
from sea level increase at a rate of 0.5 cm
per annum, (v) water scarcity is begin-
ning to take place. Surface runoff in
Citarum river basin in West Java is the
consequence of warmer temperature and
changes in land use pattern.
In the long run Indonesia will be faced
with critical condition such as increase of
sea level at the long stretches of
Indonesian coastline. It is feared that
hundreds of islands may be buried under-
water. Chaotic climatic pattern may
cause changes that lead to harvest failure
and hungry people.
Dependency upon fossil fuel is
increasing in Indonesia. According to
prediction by International Energy
Agency (2007) Indonesian dependency
upon fossil fuel increases from 69%
(2002) to 82% (2006). The effort to
develop environmentally friendly sources
of energy is contraind by many factors
and is given very minimum incentive.
In urban areas, waste material pro-
duction is increasing the sources of car-
bondioxide and methane gas emission
due to lack of proper final disposal
ground. All TPAs are practicing open
dumping technique. The 3R principle,
the potential method in bringing down
waste production has not been given the
attention from the regional governments.
Inconsistent measures taken by the
Indonesian government, both in terms of
central-region and central-central. As an
illustration, climate change should be
dealt with for instance through adoption
of cropping patern, diversification of
crops and minimize dependency upon
water consuming lowland rice which at
the same time also a major contributor of
methane emission. On the other hand,
the government is allocating fund for rice
field expansion including forest clearing.
Climate change must not only be seen
in terms of environmental issue. This
makes the adaptation is focused solely on
the environmental aspect. While in fact
global warming has a significant linkage
with economic issue. The effort to main-
streaming global warming into national
development has not been successful.
Indonesian funding capacity is inade-
quate but the effort to getting fund from
clean development mechanism (CDM)
scheme has not been tried. Indonesian
CDM potential ranges from USD81,5 mil-
lion to USD126 million, yet up to now
only 9 Indonesia CDM projects are listed
in CDM Executive Office. OM from vari-
ous sources
INSIGHT
18
Percik
October 2007
o Carbon emission in US 20.01 tonnes per capita per annum, Australia 19.36, Canada18.4, Japan 9.37, China 3.6, Brazil 1.83, Indonesia 1.4 (of which forest fire is themajor contributor), India 1.02 and Bangladesh 0.27
o Research findings from Wetlands International and Defl Hydraulics (2007)Netherlands, places Indonesia as the third biggest contributor in carbon emissionafter US (6,300 MtCO2e) and China (5,000 MtCO2e). Indonesia contributes around3,000 MtCO2e
o Indonesia contributes approximately one third of global emission from deforesta-
tion.o Sources of yearly greenhouse emission in Indonesia.
Deforestation and land conversion contribute 85%. Forest clearing, degradationof peaty lands and forest fire being the biggest contributorsEnergy sector (industry, power plant, transport) contributes approximately 10%.Although the value is relatively small but its growth rate is quite significant.
Agriculture, especially rice growing contributes 4%Waste material, though only 1% but it is the sixth world biggest emission contri-butor from waste origin.
Carbon Emission in Indonesia
Lapisan es di kutub mencair sebagai akibat meningkatnya perubahan iklim dunia.Source: www_rcom_marum_de
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W ater supply and environmental sanitation is a basic
and vital demand for human life. Water is said to be
the source of life, no life exists without water.
Therefore a sustainable water supply is a strategic and relevant
issue in the context of meeting the community demand of today
and in the future.
MDGs 2015 target achievement, i.e reducing by half the
number population currently without access to acceptable water
supply and sanitation facility by 2015 has been discussed in
many fora, seminars, workshops, etc. But, is there any innova-
tive way out capable of eliminating the stumbling block hinder-
ing synergy for WSS sector development performance? This fact
demands our mutual attention and to assume responsibility. As
an effort to find the solution it is important that the role and
concept of Network Management to help in improvement of
WSS sector development performance.
WSS sector is part of national development agenda towards
Healthy Indonesia 2010. Several programs -physical and non
physical- have been launched for implementation. Various pro-
motional activities, political campaigns have been done by vari-
ous interest parties, including Non Government Organization
(NGO).
Under the coordination of Bappenas in collaboration with
WASPOLA the policy for community based WSS development
has been put into effective implementation since the last few
years. Through the involvement of the user community in deci-
sion making process the implementation is substantively based
on the real demand of the community, the so-called demand
driven approach.
Several basic issues related to WSS development in
Indonesia, are among others ineffective investment, community
generally believes that water is social good, limited implementa-
tion capacity in the part of the government, lack of government
atttention to WSS development, and other aspects that con-
tribute to this sector's poor performance. Taking these issues as
point of departure the effort to find an alternative and innova-
tive solution will become the important topic of discussion
between the government and the stakeholders.
The involvement of stakeholders is a certainty if we wish to
have an operational mandate through provision of the biggest
room for access to WSS data and information as basic source of
knowledge upon which to contribute and participate with the
INSIGHT
19
Percik
October 2007
PERSPECTIVES IN WSS
NETWORK MANAGEMENTBy Abdul Gani *
Activities in TPA. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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government in the process of determining
the direction of transparent, accountable
and effective policy formulation.
One alternative solution being consi-
dered, discussed and finally agreed upon
is the formation of a means to contain
information, communication and practi-
cal knowledge known as WSS Network.
Network concept
Network is a simple concept consist-
ing of two elements, i.e node and intern-
ode linkage. In a social network the focus
of attention on man, group and organiza-
tion. Network may come at a wide variety
of definitions. One of them is a group
who intend to build cooperation and at
the same time as part of our life. Some
practitioners divide network into 3 cate-
gories, they are social network, communi-
ty of practitioner, and formal network.
For the context of this article the discus-
sion will be limited to formal network. It
is defined as interrelationship of several
individuals, institutions, or organizations
that are driven together based on design
and necessity. It is called formal network
if the network has a vision, mission and
objectives as well as membership rela-
tions mechanism that is stated in writing
and operates based on a permanent
working program. The network member-
ship usually consists of ones with similar
vision, mission and objectives who agree
to do a common activity, such as regular
meeting.
Based on CapNet (Capacity Building
network on water sector) there are sever-
al important elements in the formation of
a network, among others that the network
must not compete one another but each
member must learn and contributes and
strengthens and improves itself.
Network will be useful to improve
skill and knowledge if there is a sharing
process among the individual members.
The network may become focal point for
sharing with international community in
access to international sources of knowl-
edge and other resources. A network
should be open and inclusive to increase
commitment, ownership, leadership
through participation and decentraliza-
tion.
What benefit could be obtained
A network will be sustainable if it is
beneficial to the membership, such as
learning from one another, access to data
and information, membership equality,
empowerment of members, development
of synergy and equal partnership, and as
means for exchange of opinion for inno-
vative solution to a problem.
Network development
As it is with any beginning the net-
work will need a well prepared planning
based on a discernible, logical and clear
idea to all concerned. According to a
paper entitled A Management Guide for
Formal Network - GTZ, the step worthy of
consideration in network development is
that because a network is a concrete
demand rather than a mere necessity, it
should be done based on need assess-
ments, find the specific demand, form a
core team consisting of highly committed
and loyal individuals, look for support
from major stakeholders and decision
makers, find a sufficient resources to start
ip with the network, promote it and find
financial support for sufficient fund avail-
ability and finally prepare a concept
paper.
How to prepare network proposal
After the network conceptual frame-
work is agreed upon the next big job is
how to transform the idea/program into a
systematic and effective proposal.
There are several important elements
that should be borne in mind in the net-
work proposal development, such as con-
ciseness, though without missing any
important information and relevant
aspects about the network, prefereably
not more than 10 pages. Prepare an exec-utive summary and logframe. State the
network concept in well structured, sys-
tematic and comprehensive manner.
Select the best team for proposal develop-
ment, membership in odd number, not
more than 5.
The proposal should at least contain
INSIGHT
20
Percik
October 2007
WSS Network meeting held recently in Jakarta. Source: Bowo Leksono
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several aspects as the following, organizational, resources, ma-
nagement system, fincancial, time schedule and risk analysis
and expected output. Selection of partners who are likely to
respond the network proposal.
Promoting factor
The success will depend on consistent, transparent and
accountable management. It is followed with sense of belong-
ingness, and sufficient competence among the membrship.
Open, inclusive and multidiscipline will help to promote suc-
cessful management. Decentralization of operation, commit-
ment and intensive communication, responsive to actual
demand and effective fulfillment of membership need.
Empowerment of network partnership and creation of network
uniqueness in achieving its objectives. Dynamic organizational
structure and prevention from being too highly bureaucratic.
WSS Network Sustainability
On 8 October 2007 at Hotel Sari Pacific the formation of
Water Supply and Environemtal Sanitation Network was
declared. This represents the consummation of the discourses
and discussions initiated by the institutions and individuals who
are deeply concerned and commited to make a network to con-
tain all segments of the community to involve in WSS related
decision making/development policy formulation.
What are the next things to do sustain the life of the network
viable and capable of providing contribution to help and moti-
vate performance improvement? There are several aspects to be
born in mind, as the following:
Put the secretariate into operation
In its capacity as activity and management centre the net-
work must begin with procedural and operational system based
on the agreement made by the members. Hire a competent indi-
vidual to establish communication and capable of taking follow
up action of the members' agreement. Develop a formal job
description and the secretariate's scope of work and budget for
at least the first semester.
Strengthening of membership, maintain, and improve the
membership quality through regular and well planned programactivities. These activities also serve as means to attract more
new members. Start with a program that directly contributes to
the achievement of the network strategic objectives. Develop a
discussion forum on topics that the members are interested in
and obtain support from the stakeholders, distribute newsletter,
facilitate workshop, seminar, courses, and similar activities to
improve membership quality.
Management and organizational development
Start with selection of key personnel to fill the position in the
steering committee, executive management, to inspire and moti-
vate, develop the network strategy plan proposal and deduce it
into operational plans. Work out plan for political and financial
support to get the implementation rolling. Keep the network
mechanism and rule of the game within the track leading to its
vision, mission and charter of establishment.
Learning process and partnership
It is necessary for the secretariate and network members
take lessons from network experience at national, regional and
international levels. This is important in view of the network
sustainability. Then we have to look for opportunity to develop
network program cooperation with institutions, government,
private sector, and the community.
Evaluation and monitoring
WSS Network existence and development will depend on
monev analysis to measure the network's organizational per-
formance. It would be commendable if WSS network is provid-
ed performance indicator as measuring tool as instrument for
the network program improvement in the future.
Quality assurance
WSS network program and implementation must always
refer to the principle of quality assurance. Data and information
provision and dissemination required by the stakeholders is
done through a verification and validation processes by which
the quality of WSS network is assured. We have to ascertain that
the data presented are valid and not contradicting with data
issued by other sources.
References:Cap-Net, Guide to Project Proposal Development,
Network for Capacity Building, 2005
CK Net -INA, Kumpulan Materi Presentasi (Compilation of
Presentation Materials), IHE Indonesia, 2007
David J. Skyrme, Knowledge Networking: Collaborative
Enterprise Plant Tree Publisher, 1999
Michael Glueck, A Management Guide for Formal
Network, New Delhi-GTZ, 2006Rick Davis, Network Perspectives in the
Evaluation of Development Intervention, Monev
Consultant, Cambridge, UK, 2003
*) Performance Management & Benchmarking
Specialist IHE Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
INSIGHT
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W ater supply and environmental sanitation (WSS)
development has started in many parts of the world
since 1980s. Stakeholders and researchers from
the government, university, and NGO (local, regional, national)
as well as international institution have, applying various differ-
ent methodologies, conducted studies, studies, trials, monitor-
ing and evaluation of WSS facilities. These efforts have come to
one general conclusion, that poor WSS service has caused loss-
es, economically as well as socially. Ironically, the one suffering
the most is the marginal or poor families, women and children.
Imagine, a village which is classified as poor and undevel-
oped, has to bear the burden of water supply problem. It would
certainly cause its economic condition into disarray. There is at
least one of two problems the community has to face, 1) reduced
productivity because half of their time is spent to get water, or 2)
they have to spend part of their income to buy water. This prob-
lem may become worse, if for example the community does not
apply hygiene behaviour because water supply is limited. The
cost for medicare will increase, which may come from consum-
ing unhealthy water, or because of poor environmental condi-
tion. This means, the burden becomes heavier, especially with
the fact that raw water source is scarcer, while the number of
population keeps on growing.
Dasan Geria village
One of the undeveloped villages carrying the above burden is
Dasan Geria of Kecamatan Linggar, West Lombok, NTB. The
village is located near a forest and not too far, approximately 9
km southeast of Mataram, from the provincial capital. In addi-
ton to economic problem the carry over of the economic crisis of
1990s, the community has always been suffering from water
shortage. They have to go to the river to get water for bathing,
washing, cooking and drinking. Whereas it is a general rule thatas the population grows, raw water quality decreases. If for
cooking and drinking water supply is hardly enough, what would
it be for sanitation. The community would choose the easiest
way. In the beginning they (especially women) feel ashamed
and would stealthily defecate in the garden. But gradually they
are used to discharge excrement in an open place such as river
or roadside even within sight of passers-by.
INSIGHT
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October 2007
LESSONS LEARNED FROM WATER
SUPPLY AND HOUSEHOLD LATRINE
DEVELOPMENT IN DASAN GERIA VILLAGE
(Social Development Program from State
Ministry for Backward Regions Development)By Ir. Wiji J, Santoso
Source: Exclusive.
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History of water supply development and maintenance
by the community
In 1990s the village of Dasan Geria for the first time received
government subsidy for water supply facility development. The
almost flat areas of the village in the south the government pro-
vided subsidy for digging pit wells. The undulating northernpart the subsidy was to build a water supply system consisting of
reservoir and pipe conveyance network. The raw water was
taken from the river. Today, the said reservoir is in its woorst
condition and the water is not worthy for consumption.
In 2004 the community was again given a water supply faci-
lity through WSLIC-2 project. The system consists of gravita-
tional piping system from a water source located farther
upstream in the forest. In addition the project provided the
community a rolling fund for sanitation development.
Bansos KPDT program At the end of 2006, Mitra Samya (Institute for Participatory
and Democratic Studies) conducted an institutional building for
Community Health Institution at Dasan Geria village. This
Ministry for Undeveloped Village Improvement social support
(Bansos KPDT) program activity was intended to improve the
capacity of the community and its WSS management team in
community health management. In addition to improvement of
community awareness to hygiene behaviour, this program also
provides physical support. Through the application of participa-
tory approach the development is aimed at improvement of the
poor class and womanfolks in terms of access and control.
It is this spirit that later developed into the underlying prin-
ciple of community health, productivity and welfare improve-
ment initiatives in the village. The main objectives are 1)
improvement of hygiene behaviour, 2) improvement of health
and provision of safe, easily accessible and low cost water sup-
ply, 3) development of effective and sustainable management
through community empowerment.
This Bansos KPDT for water supply and environmental sa-
nitation was tried for implemention in two sites, in Kabupaten
West Lombok, NTB and in Kabupaten Banjarnegara, Central
Java. In general the objectives are to improve community wel-
fare and health condition through improved community institu-
tion, hygiene behaviour and WSS development.
The primary target groups are poor community and women
of undeveloped villages. The expected results are 1) community
contribution in WSS system O&M, 2) improved environmental
condition through behavioural change of the community.
The indicator of achievement is evidenced from improve-
ment of clean water supply, and basic sanitation services cover-
age, and establishment of active community facilitators and
cadres for sustainable WSS management.
Program implementation
The Bansos KPDT program is implemented through facilitat-
tion and the application of participatory approach for communi-
ty empowerment. Preparatory activities took place from
December 2006 till January 2007 consisting of socialization,
identification of the general condition of the locality, and techni-
INSIGHT
23
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October 2007
Deputi BidangPembinaan
Lembaga Sosial danBudaya KPDT
BappedaPropinsi
NTB
Bupati/ Pemda
KabupatenLombok Barat
Kepala Dinas
Kesehatan Lombok Barat (Kasi PKA-PL)
Lembaga Swadaya
Masyarakat (MitraSamya)
Badan Pengelola SABS,
Pemdes, MasyarakatDasan Geria
Source: Exclusive.
Deputy for KPDTSocial & Cultural
InstitutionEstablishment
Head of Health
agency WestLombok
Head of District/ West
Lombok Districtgovernment
NGO(Mitra Samya)
SABS managementteam,village govern-
ment, communityof Dasan Geria
BappedaProvince
NTB
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cal survey. Socialization is an important
part to explain the program, objectives to
reach, and several preconditions to be
met such as contribution from the benefi-
ciary community. Socialization started
from village administration officers,cadres, community leaders, and the ge-
neral community.
Construction process
Construction works started after the
physical and non physical preparations
were completed. The actual work started
with land excavation, putting reservoirs
back into order, repair and placement of
piping system, and construction pillars
for public taps and installation of watermeters. Although it was not as smooth as
planned all the works could proceed and
finally completed. The construction
schedule was delayed for reasons of rainy
days and it happened that it was the time
for election of office headman. Heavy
rainfall had forced the skilled workers to
wait until it was good enough to resume
work. Some of excavations were covered
with mud. The biggest handicap was the
agenda for headman election. In such a
transition the workers decided to wait till
after the election. Tension was mounting
during the presentation of vision and
mission of the headman candidates,
because one of the candidates threatened
to plunder the Bansos subsidy materials
unles the work was temporarily discon-
tinued.
Output of the activity
It is almost one year now the commu-
nity of Dasan Geria has had water supply
system from Bansos KPDT. The facility
consists of piping network for 20 public
taps and 20 home connections. To guar-
antee efficient and effective water use all
connections are provided with water tap
and water meter. The placement of pub-
lic taps are distributed in three zones
(within 2 hamlets), of south and norh
Dasan Geria. The distribution is made
according to the availability of pit wells,
pump wells, reservoir, and most impor-
tant of all is population density. In the
south Geria there are 7 public taps and in
the north 13 locations. In south Dasan
Geria there is one sector located quiteremote and on a hilltop, Penyangkaran.
In this area the project built three public
taps plus another from the community's
own initiative. Each pillar has 2 water
taps and a 2 meter by 2 meter concrete
floor for washing. This facility is
designed for use in turn by 10-15 families.
As for home connection this was given to
families who requested such a facility and
who are willing to pay a higher water ta-
riff.
Regarding sanitation, Bansos KPDT
also provided the community with stimu-
lant subsidy for household latrine con-
struction. There were initially 95 families
mostly from the poor class who were
ready to build a latrine but were con-
strained from short of building materials
were selected to be the beneficiary of the
subsidy.
In the distribution of the sanitation
subsidy, Samsudin (Chairman of WSS
Management Team) together with fellow
officers put it as precondition that the tar-
get beneficiary dig a septic tank before
collecting the subsidized materials. The
precondition had been discussed and wasagreed upon previously in a village level
meeting.
Benefit from Bansos KPDT
After completion of the Bansos KPDT
program implementation the water
shortage related problem was receding.
The community does not have to go to
reservoirs or to the faraway river to get
water, a tap close at hand provides water
they need. In addition to being near,
water quality is much better and fresher
because it comes from a source deep in
the forest. Now the community doesn't
have to worry even if the one collecting
water is a woman, an old man or a child.
Water taking is made easier, from water
taps built near the houses. They don't
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have to go far or to the river.
Now with the public taps and home
connections in place, it is hoped that
water use could be more effective and
efficient. It is hoped that water distribu-
tion does not limit itself in North Geria but also extends to South Geria and its
surroundings.
One notable tradition of West
Lombok community during religious fes-
tivity (such as the recent Muhammad the
prophet's birthday) they like to do as live-
ly as possible. Now that water is always
available they do not feel ashamed any-
more when someone asked to go to toilet.
They already have household toilet at
home, part of the development was pro- vided by Bansos KPDT.
As part of the evaluation in the second
week of April 2007 three (3) KPDT
inspectors visited Dasan Geria village to
take a look of the establishment, talked to
the village administration, community
leaders, management team and the com-
munity. The visit summarized that the
community happily thank God for the
WSS facility. While, on the other hand
the stakeholders, including the regional
government, village administration, and
Mitra Samya hope that the facility thathas been developed with every effort
would be well maintained to last forever.
For this the community and the manage-
ment team should work hand in hand in
the O&M.
Notes on lessons learned
There were several important lessons
learned from the Bansos KPDT program
implementation at Dasan Geria village,
such as identification of possible threatsand opportunities that come up during
the entire development schedule, from
the eraly the completion of contruction,
and the preventive measures in anticipa-
tion of the difficulty. The result was that
the community remained consistently
committed to the working team to con-
tinue with the program implementation.
It is not easy to implement a partici-
patory program at a time when the com-
munity is preparing an election for village
headman. This agenda was to some
extent delayed the Bansos KPDT pro-gram, the community commitment to
continue with the implementation
deserved the highest esteem. It means
that it takes patience to maintain coordi-
nation and cooperation, each party must
be able to refrain themselves from taking
any measure that would deflect the com-
munity interest.
Bansos KPDT makes water use more
effective and efficient. After the illegal
connections straightened out and eachfacility is provided with water meter and
a tap, water availability in the distribu-
tion container increases. The community
is now aware that water tap must be
turned off after each use, otherwise, by
the rule one has to pay for each drop of
spent water even though it isn't used.
It turns out that Bansos KPDT facility
is capable of making the village more
beautiful. The reservoirs located on the
roadside are now nicely built. The con-
sumers do not take water right from
there, but at the public tap located near
their home.
Village administration may be
involved in WSS management. For a sus-
tainable service it is necessary to form a
management team elected through a
community meeting and upon approval
by the village administration.
Legal aspect, such as issuance of a let-
ter of decision by village administration
will significantly endorse the manage-
ment team performance. The position of
the village headman as advisory team
may directly or indirectly facilitate village
administration in supervising WSS man-
agement by the community.
INSIGHT
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A lthough his appearance represents modesty yet this
does not undermine his discretion. Wearing middle
east hat and batik shirt, this white bearded man attract-
ed the attention of dozens of traditional art workers attending
the dalang meeting in Semarang, C. Java on 27 October 2007.
As a traditional art worker and scholar particularly wayang,
Bambang Murtiyoso is a unique personality. He is a thinker and
innovator in wayang stories.
Though he is now above 60 years old he appears quite ener-
getic. In front of the public he presents himself in humoristic
manner. In between the agenda of the meeting Percik took an
opportunity to sit with him and talked about the world of sha-
dow puppet. According to Bambang wayang will never die, it
will always exist. "For as long as the world is there, and for as
long as wayang art is performed on screen, the dalang has always
a job to do," says the instructor of Indonesia Institute of Arts
Surakarta. It means, continued Bambang, any type of story can
be brought into wayang show. It is up to the dalang to wrap andpresent it as attractive as possible so that the audience does not
feel bored and eventually accept it. In this case the dalang and
the story writer must be creative enough.
He further mentioned that wayang story is essentially the
portrait of real human life and its problem. Therefore it is quite
possible to pick it for insertion, or even pick it for the main story.
The more so, water and sanitation is mankind basic demand.
So, it is of the highest opportunity to be brought to the screen.
"Who would not need water and who wouldn't like to have his
surrounding environment clean," said the traditional art per-
former.
Does not deviate from pakem
Wayang show is performed based on a standard rule (called
pakem), depicted from Mahabarata epics. Anyone who per-
forms a show outside the standard is considered deviating from
the pakem.
"Well, if every dalang has to perform his wayang show based
solely on the standard pakem, wayang will never improve and
will be forgotten by its audience," said Bambang. According to
him, pakem should be treated as the basic guideline, and thus we
mustn't put it away altogether. It should be recognized, that it is
not easy to write an entirely contemporary story. "It takes cre-
ativity and wide perspective in the part of the dalang. This is a
problem of packaging to make the audience interested," he said.
The community or wayang audience has obviously the capac-
OUR QUEST
26
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October 2007
THE OPPORTUNITY OF WSS
ISSUES IN WAYANG ART SHOW
H. Bambang Murtiyoso, S.Kar., M.Hum
Source: Bowo Leksono
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ity to capture and digest something different. Especially in this
modern time in which we are living now. The traditional wayang
will have to compete with modern media such as TV. If the per-
former is not creative enough, he will be pushed aside and for-
gotten. But if the traditional art performer is creative, said
Bambang, he will become a model. The community, particular-ly young people, will always like wayang. "Sometimes a dalang
wraps the community message without creativity and not intel-
legently, only for the purpose of making a lot of attendance," he
continued.
Creative wayang
Most dalangs of today tend to disregard the aspects related
to story preparation. The same with musical arrangement. This
is the tendecy of the world of today. It is actually not only WSS
related messages that could be inserted to wayang story. Almost
any other message may be inserted. It depends, once again, on
the creativity of the dalang and other party related to wayang
screening artisan. How to wrap it into an attractive story.
Shadow puppet, or any other puppet show in Indonesia, is a
means for community enlightenment. And this has been going
on for centuries. As an example, during the last few decades
wayang was used to convey development messages. In the New
Order era, wayang was effectively used for this purpose. Even
political matters can also enter wayang performance," said the
initiator of Sandosa wayang (Sandosa = wayang in Indonesian
language instead of the traditionally Javanese language).
However, all the above must be adjusted to the environment
where the show is performed.
Actually there are several wayang stories which by standard
pakem bring forward environmental issues. Take for example,
"Pendowo Matirto" that speaks about the importance of spring
water, then "Babad Wonokromo" speaking about damages to
forest, or "Romo Tambak" about seacoast related issue.
All the existing stories can be updated if the dalang has the
capacity to wrap it in a nice packaging. "If the dalang has no ten-
dency to learn of course his intelectual capacity is always at low
level, and wayang will never improve," said Bambang.
It is recommendable, according to Bambang, that WSS issue
in wayang is presented in the "Goro-goro" or "Limbukan" part.
This is considered the most effective part to convey any kind of
message to the community. The characters in this part are the
ones representing the grassroot community. "Dalang can expresit in popular terms to make it easy for the community to under-
stand".
There are already many creative wayang formats developed
over the years, they are wayang Sandosa, wayang ukur, wayang
suket, wayang multimedia, wayang kampung, etc. just to name a
few.
"It is quite appropriate as it is also quite possible the WSS
related issue to be wrapped into creative wayang performance.
This will become a major breakthrough," Bambang concluded.
Bowo Leksono
OUR QUEST
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Source: Bowo Leksono
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A chievement can not only be
reached through competition or
a match. It can also take place
through change from bad behaviour into
noble and worth imitating habit. The vil-
lage of Tanjung Tiga has almost nothing
to be proud of. The community consists
mostly of rubber growers. No more than
that. But the village of Kecamatan
Lembak of Kabupaten Muara Enim, has
carved an achievement one can be proud
of. Through the CLTS (Community Led
Total Sanitation) approach the one year
old village has managed to build house-
hold latrine in all households within 2
weeks from one month time alloted for
the program. This achievement was
made in 2006. CLTS is an approach to
behavioural change and rural sanitation
development by placing the community
as the leading actor. Besides, CLTS also
triggers the community to realize that
sanitation is their responsibility and
therefore it can only be resolved through
their own awareness and effort, and noth-
ing to do with subsidy of any kind.
Promoting factor
The success in applying CLTS
approach does not lie with latrine devel-
opment in each household. Therefore the
indicator is not based on the quantity of
latrine built in a society but on making
behavioural change not to defecate in the
open. This is exactly what CLTS is aiming
at.
In Muara Enim, or to be precise in
Kecamatan Lembak, there appeared a
facilitator in the person of a dentist
named dr. Agustine Siahaan whoc is head
of the local Puskesmas. Through her
spirit and perseverance that all villages of
Kecamatan Lembak are now free from
defecation in the open. Mobilizing all
Puskesmas personnel to go to the villages,
establishing teams for community moti-
vation to change and conducting a contin-
uous training and socialization. In each
village they selected one natural leader,
as a motivator entrusted by the commu-
nity and with the support from the village
headman and his staff he is to lead the
commnity towards change. In the begin-
ning only three villages were selected asexamples. And as it progresses dr.
Agustine the dentist thought to act all out
for this program. Community health is
basic factor for human life. The support
from each village administration which in
fact is the Puskesmas extension' hand is
one triggering factor into success.
Finally, after seeing the success in
other place one by one of the villages was
trying to apply the CLTS approach.
Tanjung Tiga is no exception which by
nature is considered as highly motivated
to change toward hygiene behaviour.
The role of natural leader is a deter-
minant factor. To play this role one must
be sufficiently knowledgible, and more
importantly he must be a really trustwor-
thy and exemplary individual. And in
Tanjung Tiga it is Nusyirwan Imran was
selected as an exemplary person to lead
the community toward hygienic life and
clean environment.
Also the contribution village midwife.
This health worker is always in great
demand in the village and as such she
could act as spearhead to make the CLTS
approach a success, especially in moni-
toring and evaluating the community.
And the full support of Tanjung Tiga vil-
lage headman, other officers of the village
administration, and members of the vil-
REPORTAGE
LESSONS LEARNED
FROM TANJUNGTIGA VILLAGE
28
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A notice board that reads "You are entering latrine obligation area" posted at a village borderin Muara Enim, South Sumatra. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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lage council all have motivated the community to build latrine in
their home. Moreover, even before the introduction CLTS
approach the community had already had some faint idea of how
nice it'd be to live a hygienic life.
A team elected
In promoting CLTS approach, the Dusun Tiga village assist-
ed by the community facilitator formed 6 teams. Each team con-
sisted of 10 to 15 members. Four teams from the community and
two teams from the village administration plus Village Council
members. The teams were specifically intended to help in latrine
development of those who, for physical and or economic rea-
sons, are unable to do the job, such as widow and old couple.The teams competed with each other in building their latrines.
They were triggered by their own neighbours. What is most
important to them is the principle of communal work and help-
ing others to help themselves.
After tapping their rubber trees, in daytime, the people work
together to build the latrines in the afternoon. The result was
within 2 weeks there were 107 latrines in place from one month
the initial target. Today, there are in all 168 latrines built by 217
families.
Without subsidy
CLTS is not aproject, much less a subsidy distribution pro-
gram as it used to be in the past. CLTS is an approach for appli-
cation in lieu of the project approach of the past has met with
failure because the latter program only taught the community to
be dependent on the subsidy from the central government.
There was not protest from the Tanjung Tiga community
when they found out that this project was without any subsidy.
They were even very enthisastic in chning their behaviour
towards hygienic life. The classical barrier of financial problem
could be solved through donor to make available the construc-
tion material which poor families could repay it on credit. So
that latrine development could take place and completed in
time.
Even the latrine model and form it all depnds on the commu-
nity to decide. Through village community meeting, Tanjung
Tiga agreed to build concrete latrine consisting of goose nack
with opptional wall and roof in accordance with the indiividual
capacity.
The next problem
Sanitation problem is not standing alone independent of
others. It is closely knit with water supply provision. It is of no
use to build a luxury toilet without access to water supply, the
community will continue with the old habit of defecation in the
open, or in a place where water source is within reach. This is
what is experienced by the community of Tanjung Tiga. They are an irony of development and are becoming more so. On one
side they are the pride for their success in developing 100 per-
cent household latrine. But, water supply remains a handicap.
The way toward solution to water supply problem of this village
was initiated by WSLIC-2 project. There are 10 deep wells con-
structed in various sites within the village. To make water flow
to the houses they use electric pumps run by gensets. Electricity
from public company has not been connected though the net-
work has been in place for some time.
It is quite possible that the community might go back to anti
hygiene behaviour: defecation in the open on a place near the
water. It is here the government attention and role is called for.
How the government could appreciate a community that has
carved an achievement. Bowo Leksono
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Source: Bowo Leksono
Source: Bowo Leksono
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During dry season, the communi-ties of Kedung Kandang and
Lesanpuro in the city of Malang
are suffering from water shortage. Just
like any other dry area of this country. At
the beginning of dry season the people
have to walk back and forth along 3 km
distance to get water. And especially for
the communities of RW 05 of Kedung
Kandang and RW 05 of Lesanpuro there
is not a single water source other than
that. Geographically they are located on ahill and therefore it is unlikely for them to
build a private pit well.
This was a sad annual ritual before
1990s. After those years, a PDAM water
tank regularly came daily to peddle water
for Rp13,000 per cubic metre. The truck
commuted back and forth sometimes as
many as 10 times a day till midnight.
Until some day in 1999 PDAM cut shortthe operation till only 4 PM. Water sup-
ply is becoming less and consequently
each family had less water supply.
Finally the communities with support
from village administration submitted a
request to the government for a deep
well. In 2001 the request was granted.
For about six months the work in boring
the well together with reservoirs and dis-
tribution network at a total cost of Rp 300
million was completed. One KedungKandang family granted his land for the
site of the construction. Early 2002 the
families in both RWs have had water sup-
ply in their home. For Lesanpuro the
total length of pipe is 4,000 m while at
Kedung Kandang 3,000 m.
With facilitation from the municipali-
ty and village administration a team con-
sisting of reliable community figures of each RWs was immediately formed to
take care of the management. This team
drafted the water use regulation and
accounting. Up to now the management
team is called HIPAM (Hipunan
Pengelola Air Minum, Association of
Water Supply Management).
The technical arrangement of water
distibution refers to PDAM, but at a lower
cost both in terms of water tariff and cost
for home connection. For one cubic metrethe community has to pay Rp 1.500. Cost
for home connection varies between Rp
500,000 to 750,000.
Waiting list
Today, HIPAM has made 370 home
connections to provide water demand of
1,200 families in the two RWs. There is
REPORTAGE
30
Percik
October 2007
WATER MANAGEMENT IN
TWO VILLAGES
Source: Bowo Leksono
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still 30 percent in the waiting list, but the management havedecided that for the time being to postpone request for new cus-
tomers. This measure is taken because of limited water supply.
During dry season water pump cannot operate continuously for
24 hours a day," said Lasuri, Chairman HIPAM fro RW 05
Kedung Kandang. However, continued Lasuri, this does not
mean that the families cannot get water at all. They have been
obtaining water from a neighbour with home connection. "We
are building another well, but it is not finished yet because we
are in short of fund," he said
According to Ramli, vice secretary of HIPAM Kedung
Kandang, the work of digging the new well is presently at 51meters, we still have to go much deeper, because to be opera-
tional the first well is 178 m deep. We are still waiting for assis-
tance from central Public Works that we requested since 2006,"
he revealed.
Thanks God, so far the HIPAM management hasn't met any
significant problem. The community, although most of are from
the lower bracket in terms of economic and education but they
are devoted among each other and maintain the spirit of togeth-
erness, could reduce the possibility of a problem. All problems
are resolved through discussion for solution, such as contribu-
tion payment delay.
With water flowing into the house some of the farmer com-
munity of both villages could make additional income. Tempe
and soya bean curd industry.
Monthly income
Each moth the management collects an income somewhere
around Rp 5-6 million. This income is used for electricity bill,
repair, team members' salary, and other contingencies.
"The biggest monthly expenditure is electricity around Rp 2
million. While the team member only gets Rp 40 to 60 thousand
a month so that net income is around Rp 1.5 million," said
Lasuri.
Up to now HIPAM could save more than Rp 100 million.
"Not long ago it was drained to pay for major repair that cost Rp
20 million," said Lasuri.
The HIPAM management do not close their eyes with the
fresh money collected from the community. Quite often the
management helps in social activities such as mosque repair or
improvement, bridge, disaster victims, or tithe. But the manage-
ment hasn't made any reinvestment. "We do not have the
courage to take risk. Our money is saved in a bank account and
is insured," said Lasuri.
HIPAM runs the management in open manner. The commu-
nity may at any time check income and expenditures from the
management. Once in three months the management teams
from both villages meet at an alternate place, regularly, and in
addition some irregular meeting as necessary.
The term of office for the team members is three years. But
the community still wants the present team to remain in office.
"We keep on preparing candidates for replacement by sending
participants to trainings and study visits to other areas,"
revealed Lasuri. For the HIPAM management team being part
of a team working for the good of the community is an honour in
spite of small income. Bowo Leksono
REPORTAGE
31
Percik
October 2007
HIPAM officers in a meeting in one of the community's dwelling.Source: Bowo Leksono
Water supply distribution installation for two villages.Source: Bowo Leksono
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A ssuming a leading position is not a pride. In addition
to trusteeship, an officer or leader is carrying in his
hands a responsibility to the community. A responsi-
bility to lead the community to welfare in the real sense of the
meaning. It is not easy to find such a leader. More frequently
the personal and group interest comes forward leaving the com-
munity demand way behind. And community demand in con-nection with the need of life is very complicated. Poverty is one
of the main reasons. This leads to poor health condition. It
demands a specific approach and development policy from deci-
sion makers.
The incessant strive for regional autonomy has given birth to
little kings, some of them are even considered as development
inhibitor. But this judgment becomes futile if the incumbent is
able to prove himself that he pays a deep concern to the poor.
The community of Boalemo, a Kabupaten in the Province of
Gorontalo, should be thankful for a leader who is always close to
the people. "One of my habits here is to spare one night at the
end of the month to stay with the poorest famility in the kabu-
paten," said Iwan Bokings, the Bupati of Boalemo when Percik
paid him a courtesy visit in his office. During the monthly acti-
vity the Bupati and his staff teach the community how to live a
hygienic life. Practically all the MCK facilities are made better or
constructed before the arrival of their leaders from the kabupa-
ten. "Since the beginning I took the office, the habit of spending
the night with villagers has been continuing," said the Bupati
who is presently in his second term of office.
Subsidy for sanitation
In reality hygiene life has not been practised by the majority
of Boalemo population. From Percik's observation in several
corners of Boalemo township there are many people use river
with its turbid water for washing, bathing and defecation (MCK).
Boalemo, a new Kabupaten that was officiated in 12 Oktober
1999 is continously working to to tidy it up, developing variouspublic service facilities including water supply and environmen-
tal sanitation for its population. The seriousness of Boalemo
leaders in improving community welfare has made the source of
subsidies for WSS development open before them. From
Bappeda record during FY 2006/2007 there are 14 villages given
asssistance for sanitation development. "Each village was given
Rp 22 million," said Subandrio Umar, Head of Subdirectorate of
Physical and Infrastructure Development, Bappeda. The subsidy
was provided from SIDA (Swedish International Development
Agency). In FY 2007/2008 the number of villages will increase
to 20, and the amount of subsidy remains the same.
Access to water supply
The majority of the community get their water supply from a
spring managed by the community. Only about 10 percent of
the community are connected to PDAM service, and that is lim-
ited only in 3 kecamatans in town. "There are not families con-
nected to PDAM service. Most of the people get water from a
spring which they manage it by themselves. This policy is meant
to prevent profit taking,"said Subandrio.
There are 34 water springs to serve the community water
demand in 7 kecamatans of kabupaten Boalemo. The communi-
ty where water flows elects a water management team who man-
ages water supply facility adopting the PDAM system. Each
spring serves the need of several villages. As for maintenance, it
is covered by the community contribution plus subsidies from
the government and donor organization. It's hoped that these
subsidies will eventually lead to development of a facility that
guarantees sustainability. Bowo Leksono
MIRROR
WSS DEVELOPMENT
AT KABUPATEN BOALEMO
32
Percik
October 2007
Iwan Bokings, Bupati of Boalemo and his staffs visiting poorfamilies. Source: Public Relation Boalemo Government
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Up to now WSS development has
been given the least attention by
both the stakeholders and deci-
sion makers. The central and regional
government support is not strong enough
to make WSS development a priority,
while on the other hand the community
has a very limited access to WSS develop-
ment planning and implementation.
These few findings were revealed
from the socialization of NSC 2007 at the
city of Gorontalo, The socialization and
simultaneously a means to identify the
regional demand in connection with NSC
2007 was conducted by WASPOLA
together with the national WSS-WG on
20 September 2007. The visiting team
consisted of Tri Nugroho Utomo from the
Directorate of Housing and Settlement
Systems, Bappenas as team leader,
Dormaringan Saragih (Knowledge
Management Coordinator WASPOLA),
Huseyn Pasaribu (local Government
Support Specialist), accompanied by
Nasstain Gasbah (Local facilitator) and
mass media representatives. The team
was met by Ir. Gusnar Ismail, Vice
Governor of Gorontalo, accompanied by
Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda
Chairman, Ismail Madjid, Bappeda
Chairman of Gorontalo Municipal
Government, MTP, and Regional WSS-
WG.
Law enforcement is insufficient
In addition to low priority it is also
full of various self interests. "Water sup-
ply coverage has reached the level of 70
percent, but we have a big problem from
the fact that water source is located in
Kabupaten Bone Bolango, that means
outside our border," said Ismail Madjid in
his opening speech of the workshop on
"Finalising WSS Strategy Plan
Formulation," held by WSS-WG of
Gorontalo city at the Office of Bappeda.
This problem is made worse by the
poor WSS data management and the
number of sanitation facilities not func-tioning. This calls for serious decision
makers' attention to improve this condi-
tion. Development approach must be
changed from supply driven to demand
driven.
"Since some time ago we've had com-
mitment from 7 ministers, but the real-
ization and the law enforcement against
violators do not work as expected," said
Syarifuddin from Agency for
Environment and concurrently member
of WSS-WG Gorontalo city. In addition,said Syariduddin further, the policy must
be backed up with law enforment com-
mitment. "Many housing development
firms have their plan sanitation facility as
part of a house but in reality it is not ful-
filled, yet no action is taken against
them."
AROUND WASPOLA
33
Percik
October 2007
Socialization of National
Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007
GORONTALO SUPPORTS NSC
Socialization of NSC at the Strategy Plan formulation workshop in Gorontalo city. Source: Dormaringan.
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Similar statement was made by
Deston, village headman of Dembe I.
According to him, we do not have any
government regulation that compels each
house must be provided with an accept-
able basic sanitation. "I find it difficult to
take steps against violators, I have no
power to do it," said Deston firmly.
All the anxieties were responded by
Ismail Madjid by confirming that the
mnucipality's commitmet to sanitation
development is beginning to bear fruit. Itis hoped that in the Strategy Plan work-
shop the stakeholders could propose a
concrete program for sanitation improve-
ment. "We have to be able to propose a
concrete WSS development action plan,
and everyone can see it. The principle of
transparent budgeting must be ho-
noured," said Ismail further.
Region's enthusiasm to attend NSC
2007
To speed up sanitation development,
the government must commit itself and
adopt the pro poor attitude. This will
become an important issue in NSC 2007.
This activity is closely and enthusiatically
observed by the regional governments,
particularly the Province of Gorontalo. It
was quite obvious that during the audien-
cy meeting of NSC delegate with deputy
governor of Gorontalo, "We will block the
calendar so that it becomes the governor's
agenda. We will tell the audience about
our strategy and ways of handling sanita-
tion problem here in this province," said
vice Governor, Gusnar Ismail.
The provinces of Gorontalo and
Banten, said Gusnar further, are planned
to make presentation on sanitation deve-
lopment policy and strategy in their
respective region. "We have developed best practice and lessons to be conveyed
to the larger communities," he said.
Similar statement was made by
Sujarno, acting Provincial Bappeda
Chairman, who at the same time submit-
ed report on the WASPOLA facilitated
policy implementation result to the vice
governor.
NSC is scheduled for implementation
on 19-21 November 2007 and will be
opened by the President. This conference
is series of global agenda to develop glob-
al commitment to sanitation develop-
ment. East Asian countries will meet in
Japan in December 2007 to discuss the
strategic steps for speeding up sanitation
development in EASAN (East Asia
Sanitation) conference. The conference is
part of the activities to anticipate"Intenational Year of Sanitation 2008"
launched by the United Nations.
While NSC is one of the government's
efforts to develop stakeholders commit-
ment and cooperation in sanitation sec-
tor, it is hoped that through the NSC the
sanitation profile in the eyes of the deci-
sion makers will improve. NSC will be
attended by implementors from the
regional government, NGO, the commu-
nity and also representatives from friend-
ly nations. dormaringan saragih/AP/NTU
AROUND WASPOLA
34
Percik
October 2007
Audience of WSS-WG with Gorontalo City Bappeda Chairman.Source: Exclusive
Sanimas project drainage ditch at Kelurahan (village) Kayu Bulan, Gotrontalo city. Source: Exclusive.
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A s a fold art, wayang kulit (or
leather puppet) has been per-
formed centuries before the
birth of this nation, or more precisely
since the time Majapahit kingdom. The
story is depicted from the Mahabarata
epics. After the downfall of Hindu-
Buddha kingdoms, the shadow puppet
show was used by Walisongo (nine reli-gious leaders) as medium for Islamic
teaching. By using the Mahabarata epics
as vehicle the nine religious leaders
inserted Islamic teachings into the story.
The result is that this folk art is con-
sidered an effective medium for socializa-
tion of various aspects of human life.
During the New Order area when the gov-
ernment emphasized the development
programs the shadow puppet was used a
medium for campaign, as it also quite
that the folk art was used as campaign
vehicle by political party.
However, it would be something
entirely new if WSS related issues are
brought to the screen of shadow puppet
show. And this was mentioned for the
first time in the Central Java Dalang *)
Sarasehan (Friendly Meeting) 2007 held
by Dalang Association of Indonesia
(PEPADI) C. Java Regional Chapter,
Saturday 27 October 2007 in Semarang.
The Initial Idea
It was Susilo Adi, member of Central
Java provincial WSS-WG and concur-
rently a vice secretary of Pepadi Central
Java, who was struck with the idea that
WSS issue might be attractive enough to
be inserted to wayang story.
"Community awareness to how important
WSS is currently at low level. I believe,
through wayang show the WSS issue may,
to some extent, be extensively dissemi-
nated," said Susilo Adi.
At that time Bambang Pujiatmoko, a
WASPOLA consultant, was there to make
presentation about WSS issues. "The
WSS issues are not individual concern, it
demands a common solution. We may
hope that through the work of artists such
as dalang the community could learn a lot
about the issues," he said.
In front of dozens of dalangs and men
of arts in wayang industry, Bambang
made an inquiry if a daily issue of the
community can be brought into wayang
story. An issue of how chaotic it looks
when men are struggling for a pail of
water or how bad a consequence is poor
environmental condition to infant mor-
tality rate.
According to Bambang, folk art such
as shadow puppet is a power that could be
used to motivate public campaign. "The
dalangs or folk art workers are more
capable of bringing the message into the
heart of the spectators through local wis-
dom containing story," he said.
It seemed that during the sarasehan
the WSS issues hadn't been accepted as
something attractive. The art workers
still need further references on important
problems related to human life to be
AROUND WASPOLA
35
Percik
October 2007
WSS ISSUESIN SHADOW PUPPET SHOW
Presentation of WSS related issues in the Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting 2007 in Semarang.Source: Bowo Leksono.
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absorbed into wayang stories.
Bambang hopes that shadow puppet
would become an important vehicle to
dissemination of WSS related informa-
tion for community enlightenment and
finally motivation to real action towards
soving WSS problems.
Dalang creativeness
Basically any aspect of human life can
be brought into the work of art of any
kind. There is no story more attractive
than one about humanism. It is quite
appropriate if WSS issue decorate the
world of shadow puppet show. The prob-
lem now rests with the attractiveness of
its presentation. Not all puppet show is
attractive to spectators unless it is nicely
packaged and presented.
Prof. Dr. Jazuli, a dalang observer
who was also a speaker in the meeting
considers it quite possible for any kind of
story screened on a shadow puppet show.
"It depends on the dalang creativeness.
On how they act beyond the means of
simply earning a living, but how their
interpretation flows and is adjusted to
local community problems," he said.
According to Jazuli, a dalang won't
get a job order unless he is creative
enough. This creativeness is based on his
medium of expression and moral mes-sages contained in his story. "Let's hope
the artisan does not work simply to earn a
living," he stressed. Jazuli says that there
are many ways to make a dalang creative
so that he is always being sought by the
community and he will never become
outdated. In addition to extra hard work
he also must have a broad view.
There are many ways to do it. One of
them is collaboration with other kind of
art so that shadow puppet is not only a
means for entertainment but also for
enlightenment. This must be considered
as the secret and dalang's strategy," said
Jazuli.
A similar statement was made by
Bambang Murtiyoso. According to him
most dalangs work on the story from the
wayang story. This is obvious indication
that they lack experience and knowledge
about the real life," said the lecturer from
Indonesian Arts Institute, Srakarta.
According to Bambang, the world of
shadow puppet of today is only selling
jokes through its music and lyric. "It is
feared that shadow puppet will be far
removed from human spiritual enlighten-
ment," said he.
Relevance of WSS Issue
Supadi, Chairman of Central Java
Regional Pepadi, confirmed that it is
quite relevant to include WSS theme in
the shadow puppet show. This is because
that essentially shadow puppet is in neu-
tral position. "This means that any story
will do, as long as it is for the good of all
then it is worth presenting." Supadi con-
siders that environmental issue will
always be relevant because environmen-
tal issues will never cease to be faced by
the community. "A creative dalang, using
for instance a currently popular term will
be able to make the issue attractive," he
said. Still according to Supadi, inclusion
of environmental issue is a big opportuni-
ty. Not only for the good of the commu-
nity by also for the art itself because it
adds to the richness of the story. Supadi
is optimistic whatever theme can be
brought into the world of puppet show,
including WSS issue. What may be need-
ed is the dalang's discourses and insight
related to this issue. Bowo Leksono
AROUND WASPOLA
36
Percik
October 2007
The problem now restswith the attractiveness of itspresentation. Not all puppet
show is attractive tospectators unless it is nicely
packaged and presented.
Central Java Regional Dalang Meeting. Source: Bowo Leksono
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Several legal rulings on asset, commonly called goods,
particularly in relation to government property have
been issued and effective. The latest is the Government
Regulation (GR) No. 06/2006 on the Management of
Government/Regonal Government Owned Asset as the spelling
out of Law No. 1/2204 on State Treasury.
The Government Regulation is further spelled out through
Permendagri Home Affairs Ministerial Regulation) No. 17/2007
on Technical Guidelines for Regional Government Asset
Management to supersede Permendagri No. 152/2004 on
Management of Regional Asset. The GR is also spelled out
through Permendagri No. 04/2007 on Management of Village
Asset.
In general such a regulation defines a particular asset as
belonging to central government, regional government, village
asset, manner in which the asset was procured, in what way it is
to be used, what are the parties involved, recording process, val-
uation, transfer and depreciation of asset, etc.
The availability of such a regulation provides a fresh wind to
the assest ownership particularly one that is procured from gov-ernment budget. But, as it comes to Community Based Water
Supply and Environmental Sanitation (CB-WSS), which nota
bene developed and constructed through multistakeholder (cen-
tral and regional governments, village adminsitration, donor
organization, and community) contribution the issue will be
entirely different. To whom does a CB-WSS facility belong? To
name explicitly the owner of a facility is so important, because it
is generaly understood that this will directly affect sustainability
and effective use of the facility in the future. An attempt is made
to answer this question or at least inventory taking by a work-
shop on legal study of CB-WSS management conducted by WSS- WG in this case by the Dept. Home Affairs in cooperation with
WASPOLA 6-8 in Denpasar, Bali, September 2007.
What really happens in the field
Following the operationalizing the National Policy for
Community Based Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
(CB-WSS), the central government, regional government, donor
organization, and NGO singly or severally have conducted CB-
WSS system (facility) development adopting the said Policy.
Generally speaking, soon after project completion it is now a
question to whom does the facility really belong to. The ques-
tionable ownership status is traceable to the varied funding
sources for the development. In some cases the ambiguity may
adversely affect the management sustainability. While in fact
the responsible agency involved in the project implementation,
pursuant to the existing regulation, does not have a clear idea
about the importance of determining the ownership status. In
other words, determining the real owner of an asset is not con-
sidered important and has no relevance to its sustainability. The
real effect of the uncertain ownership relates to who is really
responsible for CB-WSS system management. This means ques-
tioning of whether the authority vested on the Management
Team (KPS/UPS, etc.) still complies with asset management
regulation or it has been altered or even it is legally contra-
dictory.
AROUND WASPOLA
37
Percik
October 2007
QUESTIONING WSS
FACILITY OWNERSHIPBy Purnomo* dan Dormaringan**
Workshop on legal study of community based WSS facility managementat Denpasar, Bali 6-8 September 2007.
Source: WASPOLA
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It is believed that this fact implies the
lack of willingness to invest in CB-WSS
system at central and regional either from
government, private, donor or the com-
munity itself. While on the other hand we
are in dire need to speed up with the ser-
vice's coverage
Asset management of a WSS facili-
ty, is it necessary?
Basah Hernowo, in his presentation
recently stated that asset management is
not quite a habit among the buraucracies
and the service operators. While in fact
asset management commitment
demands continuous supply, recording
system, maintenance and replacement.
"Asset management is a closed and
unbroken cycle. We can start from small
to work for a bigger one," he said.
In its cycle asset management covers
asset planning system, stock review,
growth and procurement of new asset,
O&M accountancy, performance moni-
toring and asset condition, rehabilitation
study, repair and replacement work,
rationalization or asset removal, proce-
dural audit and asset management sys-
tem, and identification for minimisinglife cycle costing of new assets.
In this context that asset management
is very important, because asset manage-
ment promotes management process ori-
entation to (1) customer focused, (2) sys-
tem oriented, (3) continuing service, (4)
sustainable, (5) easy to access, and (6)
flexible.
"Through asset management we know
what sells well and what does not sell.
Which one is potentially profitable inshort term and in long term, and which
one is causeing losses in short term and in
long term," said Basah.
Village level asset management,
how can it be?
The question about asset manage-
ment is generally asked at corporate level.
But a village level WSS facility? In fact
there are cases it is more complicated
than it is with a corporation. In terms of
financing, institution, management
capacity and also ownership.
Unfortunately this institution is legal-
ly weak. An alternative approach isthrough cooperative. Cooperative has a
clear mechanism, the regulation is also
clear and its organizational chart clearly
mentions the responsibility for manage-
ment asset. Another alternative is Village
Level Enterprise which legally operates
under Village Regulation, it is incorporat-
ed through a notarial document that
specifies the asset as belonging to the vil-
lage and the party responsible for its
management is also mentioned therein.Each alternative may be acceptable under
a particular legal condition.
If the issue is analysed from institu-
tional aspect, what about the managerial
capacity. Parsadaan Girsang provides his
comprehensive and rational opinion.
According to him, a village as the basic
unit of government administration sys-
tem reserves the right to manage an asset
pursuant to Government Regulation No.
72/2005 especially in the management of
asset related to implementation of
democracy, improvement of service,
acceleration of community level improve-
ment process. A sufficient village finan-cial position (either from national budget,
regional budget, ADD, etc.) is an opportu-
nity. This is where CB-WSS facility can
be managed and financed (including its
asset).
CB-WSS asset can be obtained from
various sources, such as the village rev-
enue, village budget, subsidy, etc. If at
any time a CB-WSS needs a patch of land,
and it was obtained from community con-
tribution, eventually this piece of land belongs to the village because selfhelp
and contribution is essentially a motiva-
tion to make the community willing to
help village development.
The problem is that most of the assets
have not been specified to whom they
belong. Including the ones at the keca-
matan, kabupaten/kota levels. To find
AROUND WASPOLA
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October 2007
Source: Exclusive.
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out to whom one asset belongs, it can be seen from who is repon-
sible to take care of it and from where the financing is obtained?
In practice there is ambiguity in the transfer and sometimes the
parties involved do not record it as an asset. The management
alternatives then 1) managed by village administration, 2) man-
aged by village community through selfhelp and communal
work.
In the context of WSS management there are other alterna-
tives that may be offered, 1) the facility is the village's asset, 2)
WSS management by village administration, 3) management by
the community supported by village budget, 4) major repair to
be taken care of by village budget upon approval from village
administration, 5) facititation and supervision by regional gov-
ernment.
Another critical review was given by Arsan (BAKD) based on
the village's position. Village with its administration is the real
autonomous administration. Therefore all assets belonging to a
village is separately recorded from the central or regional gov-
ernment asset, and is administered pursuant to Kepmendagri
No. 152/2004.
Recommendation
The two day workshop has produced positive contribution or
opportunity for further review for a more orderly WSS asset
management and to identify the potential risk in the future.
Gary D. Swisher, WASPOLA Team Leader, strongly emphasized
this in his closing speech.
The workshop produced the following recommendations:
In village level the community based water supply and envi-ronmental sanitation management institution may appear in
any different format, such as UPS, Yayasan (Foundation),
Cooperative, KPP, LPM, and so on. It would be better, though,
if the village level management institution is included to the
existing structure/institution, rather than continuously inde-
pendent or even separate from the village administration struc-
ture.
To strengthen village level WSS asset management institu-
tion it is necessary to provide it with training and technical assis-
tance. The WSS facility management team members are elected
from the community, at least 30 percent of them are women who
sit in various positions including the core team.
The income derived from the WSS facility management must
be used for O&M and further development of the respective and
all such requirements must be explicitly mentioned in the village
level regulation. It is recommended that the regional govern-
ment issues regulation that serves as legal umbrella for such a
village level regulation.
It is necessary to have a WSS facility ownership guideline.
This is to be followed up with socialization of management and
ownership. It is recommended that in asset management the
involvement of village administration and village council must
be clearly and specifically defined.
And besides, it is also necessary to take inventory of the
asset, their sources of financing and the asset transfer mecha-
nism.
Follow-up action plan
The findings and at the same time also opportunities extract-
ed from this workshop are interesting subjects for further
review. We realize that given the presently existing laws andregulations some of the problems will remain unanswered so
that it is deemed necessary to develop sufficient regulation to
serve as guidance for those working at the operational level. For
this purpose the central WSS-WG together with WASPOLA con-
sider it important to make an advanced and integrated legal
study involving a wide range of stakeholders.
Futher, the provision of regulation in the future must also be
able to answer the question regarding management and assur-
ance of (public) asset that does not belong to social capital.
These matters have not been given sufficient regulation in the
same proportion as the similar regulation now consideredinvalid. Other matters for review in the future includes the
question of indemnity of which the only regulation simply con-
siders government, central and or regional asset, while commu-
nity asset has not been given a fair proportion.
*) Local Government Specialist in WASPOLA, focusing on legal study
and regulatory development ([email protected])**) Knowledge Management Coordinator for WASPOLA
AROUND WASPOLA
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Source: Bowo Leksono
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The establishment of WSS
Network is based on the deep
concern of some stakeholders
who have been observing that up to now
WSS is still placed in a gloomy dank cor-
ner that misses the attention let alone
commitment of decision makers.
From a review of WSS funding during
FYs 2003-2005 WSS development budg-
et represents only 0.01 to 1.37 percent of
regional government budget. It is not
surprising that up to now 100 million of
Indonesian population living in 30 thou-
sand villages do not have access to water
supply. Water supply coverage is
presently at 58 percent and most of the
poor are denied the service. Sanitation
coverage is somewhere around 69.34 per-
cent, most of it is in the urban, the
remainder is the rural not covered by the
service (SUSENAS, 2006)
The poor WSS performance and the
myriad of problems encumbering it, is the
consequence of the fact WSS lies far away
from the development mainstream so
that WSS misses the attention let alone
commitment of decision makers both at
national and at regional levels.
On the other hand, the government
policy regarding this sector is way from
being integrated. Many programs are
overlapping each other, each stakeholder
works on his own completely independ-ent from the other. While at the commu-
nity level the awareness of hygiene behav-
iour is at the lowest level.
It is necessary to establish more
strategic coordination and integration of
the various stakeholders to build a com-
mon strength. For this purpose there is a
need for a network for communicating
the demand and interest so that each
party has a means for contribution to
accelerate the achievement of WSS devel-
opment objectives.
To this end on 8 October 2007 forty
institutions consisting of government
agencies, international organizations,
NGOs, WSS related projects, university,
PDAM, regulatory body and professional
associations came to a common agree-
ment for the establishment of an open
and independent WSS network. It is fore-
seen that in the future the network will
act as mediator in bringing the potentials
from the various stakeholders into har-
mony and synergy, in dissemination of
information, technology, methodology
and best practices, both at national and
international fora.
To carry out the above mentioned func-
tion the activites are focused on establish-
ment of information service centre, capacity
sharing of network members with outside
parties, development of partnership to
strengthen support, policy formulation,
funding pattern, campaign strategy and
study for WSS related problem solving.
A steering committee was elected
from 9 institutions representing the vari-
ous segments namely the government,
NGO, donor organization, university, cor-
poration, WSS sector project/program
management. The institutions are WSS-
WG, Air Kita-Europromocap IWAT, Plan
Intrnational, JAS/GTZ, University of
Trisakti, PDAM Bogor City, IHE, ISSDP
and WASPOLA. WH
AROUND WASPOLA
40
Percik
October 2007
Forty institutions Agreed to Establish
Indonesia WSS Network
Fast breaking after the Indonesia WSS Network meeting.Source: Bowo Leksono.
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Sanitation still remainsunintersting for the
decision makers to look
into, at the central level as does
also at the regions. What
makes it even worse is that
mass media gives the subject a
very meager information so
that the community knowledge
about it is even scantier. That's
why the community is not
aware of the importance of san-
itation. Many cases such as
diarrhoea and the outbreak of
avian flu is evidence of poor
sanitation in Indonesia.
Who is to blame in this
case? Considering the pressing
demand for sanitation, it is no more important to know who is to
blame in this case. It'd be better that everyone take a concrete
action rather than blaming each other.
"It is a blatant lie if a political will is needed for the present
sanitation management. It is too difficult to expect it.
Therefore, what is important isthat we must do something for
the sanitation,"said Prof. Dr.
Emil Salim, environmental
expert during a discussion in
expectation of NSC 2007,
Wednesday 3 October 2007.
The former State Minister
for Environment said that sev-
eral government departments
involved in sanitation sector
must as soon as possible devel-
op a plan as far down as RT and
RW involving the informal
leaders. "It has been proven
that during the time flood the
one making the movement first
is not the government, but
these informal leaders."
It is hoped that from NSC 2007 which was initially scheduled
for 19-21 Noveember 2007 involving all stakeholders would
improve the awareness, especially of the decision makers, on the
importance of sanitation management. BW
AROUND WSS
41
Percik
October 2007
Discussion in Anticipation of the National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007
"Keep on Doing Something for Sanitation"
In dry season, water scarcity. In
rainy season, flood. Ironical indeed.
But that's Indonesia. There are lots
of rain forest but many of them are dam-
aged. These damages are the main rea-
son for the flood. "Vast areas of rain for-
est were carelessly cut down without any
scientific consideration,"said MS Kaban,the Forestry Minister at the launching
of planting selected seedlngs around
mosque held at Bung Karno Sport
Centre, Senayan, Jakarta on 18
September 2007. The event was ini-
tiated by National Islamic Teachers'
Council Jakarta at the opening ceremo-
ny of Land for The Poor Program,
attended by thousands of Islamic
Teachers' Council members from all
over the country. Also present Mr. Tar-
mizi Taher, former Minister for Reli-
gious Affairs and currently the Chair-
man of National Mosques' Council.
MS Kaban appeals that mosque as
means for human resources developmentit must be made a relaxing place, cool and
pleasant. "One of them is by persuading
the followers to cultivate tree planting.
And it is also an act of devotion," he said.
Further MS Kaban asks the followers to
support the tree planting movement in
conformance with Planting Indonesia
Movement launched by the President in
April 2006. "Indonesia has a wide variety
of economically valuable, ornamental and
environmentally protective trees," he
said.
For this purpose the Forestry Minister
calls the attention of all Islamic followers
to make our country green again by plant-
ing trees in the area surrounding themosque. "If our environment is grown
with plants we wouldn't be in short of
water and no more flood because the
trees serve as water retainer." In this
event the minister himself distributed
selected tree seedlings to the representa-
tives of National Islamic Teachers'
Council. BW
Cultivating the habit of planting around mosque
Emil Salim
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A s part of a series of cooperation
between Indonesian Govern-
ment with UNICEF in water sup-
ply and environmental sanitation devel-
opment in the Eastern Region of
Indonesia (NTB, NTT, S. Sulawesi,
Maluku, Papua and West Papua) funded
from a grant fund from the Ntherlands
government, a series of roadshow was
undertaken in the six provinces, starting
from Maluku (17-18 September 2007),
followed by South Sulawesi (20
September 2007), NTT (24-25 September
2007), Papua (1 October 2007), West
Papua (3 October 2007) and finally NTB
(3-4 October 2007).
The roadshow was intended to
explain the cooperation activities to a
long list of kabupatens from which a short
list will be decided for actual programimplementation. The selection was made
through participatory approach. In addi-
tion, the roadshow was also intended as
means of dissemination of the communi-
ty based WSS development policy and at
the same time to obtain inputs for WSS
development in the future.
The roadshow was conducted by the
respective provincial WSS-WGs in collab-
oration with national WSS-WG and
UNICEF.
This program consists of three (3)
components, namely (i) water supply
provision, (ii) improvement of sanitation
system in 180 primary schools, and (iii)
improvement of WSS system in urban
slums of five (5) provincial capitals.
To make sure of the sustainability of
the program, it is required that each part-
ner province / kabupaten prepare con-
tribution budget to form and manage
provincial/kabupaten/kota WSS-Wor-
king Group, financing one work-
shop/training, and program replication
at least in one village. In the deliberation
several issues came out, among others the
need to consider the specific characteris-
tics of each region such as Maluku as
being an insular region, participatory
approach, strengthening of both govern-
ment and community institutions, impro-
vement of monev quality, transport dif-
fulty makes investment more costly. The-
re is a big interest of kabupatens to beco-
me partners in the implementation, as is
evidenced from willingness to join the
program although it has to pay it from re-
gional budget. This is stated by Kabupa-
ten Manokwari and Fakfak of West
Papua.
At the end of the roadshow it was
agreed that 25 kabupatens are approved to
being partners of the program, they are (i)
four (4) from Maluku province: Seram
Bagian Barat, Buru, Maluku Tenggara,
Maluku Tenggara Barat; (ii) five (5) from
South Sulawesi Province: North Luwu,
Selayar, Takalar, Soppeng, and Barru; (iii)
four (4) from Papua province: Jayapura,
Jayawijaya, Puncak Wijaya, Biak Numfor;
(iv) four (4) from West Papua province:
Sorong, South Sorong, Bintuni Bay, and
Raja Ampat; (v) four (4) from NTT: Bellu,
Rote Ndao, East Sumba, South Timor
Tengah; (vi) four (4) from NTB: West
Lombok, Central Lombok, Sumbawa and
Bima. While city slums will be selected
from Makassar, Mataram, Kupang,
Ambon and Jayapura. GR/RDD/WASPOLA
AROUND WSS
42
Percik
October 2007
Roadshow of UNICEF Water
and Evironmental Sanitation (WES)
Program
The participants of Roadshow of UNICEF Water and Environmental Sanitation (WES) Program.Source: Dormaringan.
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Poverty is a major problem in devel-
oping nations including Indonesia.Everyday 50,000 people die from
wants and the widening gap between the
poor and the rich.
In 2000, the leaders from 189 nations
of the world have committed to a global
plan to reduce poverty by half in 2015. This
commitment is known as Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs).
For this purpose it is necessary to
organize a campaign to call the participa-
tion in fighting poverty and to support the
achievement of the millenium developmentgoals. In commemoration of World Poverty
Alleviation Day 17 October 2007 a cam-
paign was held, bearing a theme "Wake Up
and Give Voice to Poverty Fighting and
Fulfillment of Millenium Development
Goals".
All the stakeholders were informed andasked to participate in providing the biggest
support within only 24 hours, a world
record breaking in terms of number of sup-
porters to end with poverty and achieve-
ment of MDGs targets. The increasing
number of supporters indicates our sup-
port to achievement of the goals.
This campaign is a unique opportunity
for channeling aspiration through one
voice, one intention, and in one day. And
for all of that the community and govern-
ment concrete action is of the utmostimportance. Wake up and voice out is an
initiative from various segments of the
community, university, mass media, NGO,
religious organization, private sector,
regional government, and others. BW
AROUND WSS
43
Percik
October 2007
It seems that waste problem in this
country is never ending. Therefore it
is necessary to immediately make the
draft Waste Law into an effective law.
However this draft law still requires a lot
of improvement, such the level of mini-
mum service standard in waste manage-
ment. Also the community obligation and
right in separating waste at its very
source, payment of waste management
fee, and educational right for the commu-
nity in waste management.That was revealed in a workshop enti-
tled "Strengthening of Waste
Management Institution in Jakarta"
Thursday 25 October at the BPPT Office,
Jakarta. The workshop was held as a col-
laborative effort of JIPSYLFF, Dana Mitra
Lingkungan (Environmental Prtnership
Fund), Agency for Environmental
Cleaning Jakarta, and BPPT. In addition
to the above the workshop also disclosed
the need for institutional aspect related
regulation so that stakeholders are more
focused. What is happening now is that
the agency handling waste is still com-
bined with the office taking care of differ-
ent matters. Specification of role and who
is in charge for what affairs. As for budg-
et control mechanism it is necessry for a
transparent financial management. It is
also neceesary to involve the community in the financial management. And not in
the least importance is to consider the
proportional budget for cleaning relative
to other purposes.
In budget control it is necessary for a
control system by a specific agency for
this purpose, waste budget specification,
socialization of budget and audit report to
the community.
In relation to public campaign consid-
eration should be taken to cooperation
between cleaning management with the
community. Improvement of community
awareness through education is also
important. As menas for information dis-
semination it is adviseable to use media
such as website maintained by the clean-
ing agency.
Another topic includes vertical and
horizontal coordination underlining themultipartite communication weaknesses
and hence, must be improved. It is not
surprising that lack of inter-agency coor-
dination and overlapping activities where
each agency is working on its own inde-
pendent of others, eventually all of it calls
for improvement toward effective waste
management system. FN
Workshop on "Strengthening of Waste
Management Institution in Jakarta"
Foto: Bowo Leksono.
POVERTY FIGTHING CAMPAIGN
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The demand for (clean)
raw water has always
been a complicated
problem especially in urban
areas. Population density has
made the settlement areas
seemingly smaller. Social
problems become unavoidable.
Water related problem and
clean environment are waiting
for ther turn to join in.
Beginning from early
November 2007 till recently
FORKAMI (Communication
Forum for Quality Water
Supply Management) held a
leadership training in four (4)
RWs, i.e. RW 02, 04, 10 and 12 of
Kelurahan (village) of Cipinang Melayu,
East Jakarta.
This facilitation was conducted in the
framework of "Community Leadership in
Awareness Raising on Water (CLEAR WATER). FORKAMI has made commu-
nity facilitation such as this one a regular
agenda. "The objective is to improve the
community's concern and awareness in
water conservation," said Ms Anggie Rifki
the FORKAMI internal coordinator.
Priority Problem
Although in terms of type and com-
plexity all the RWs are facing almost the
same problems, but the priority for reso-
lution is left to individual RW to decide.
For RW 02 making its office beautiful is
considered the most important. In addi-
tion to public domain, it can serve as
example of clean suurounding for indi-
vidual family and the community to look
at. For that reason, the community resp-
resentative wish to plant trees, ornamen-
tal or medicinal, to make environment
beautiful and pleasing.
RW 04 constructed garbage bins and
socialization of bioporous infiltration
pits. The bins were to be placed in RW 09
because this RW is located in a rather ele-
vated area, therefore there is no danger of
flood and the bins will be washed away by
the flood. On the other hand, the danger
of flooding can be gradually mitigated
through bioporous pits around each
dwelling.
While RW 10 chooses socialization of
clean environment, making available
garbage bins in each house, procurement
of garbage cart, and employment of cart-
man to transport their waste material.
RW 12 thinks of something different. It
plans to start with treatment of iron con-
taining raw water to produce iron free
fresh water.
Making environmetal leader
In the beginning some members of
the community were suspicious with the
FORKAMI program using the term "lead-
ership". According to Anggie,
leadership is meant the indi-
viduals who care and active
about the fate of the sur-
rounding environment. "It's
not only that, this program
also requires community rep-
resentatives who have initia-
tives and willing to work," she
said. The participation in all
of the sessions was quite
promising. This was a good
first step. The partricipants
were so active and enthusias-
tic because they could involve
themselves in the solution to
their own environmental
problems. Therefore, the capacity of the
participants is considered excellent and
could become leader in their respective
neighbourhood. Anggie said that in gen-
eral the initial FORKAMI program has
been doing quite well in developing theparticipants' commitment to form action
group and attracting the participants'
interest to actively involve in the
Community Leadership Training within
the Framework of Community
Leadership in Awareness to Water.
According to FORKAMI's agreement
with the community each RW will be pro-
vided Rp 1 million stimulant fund. "This
is a small gift, indeed, but we hope the
community will be able to raise fund and
selfhelp contribution to improve their
own environment," said Anggie.
All in all, this FORKAMI program tar-
geted to the community is capable to un-
dertake its water processing by itself so
that the awareness to water quality to sa-
tisfy its own daily need is improving. Bo-
wo Leksono
AROUND WSS
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Percik
October 2007
Educating the CommunityTo Become Environmental Leader
Leadership training in relations to improvement of communityawareness to water. Source: FORKAMI.
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Community empowerment is not solely the government
responsibility. Although the government has a limited
capacity it does not mean that government is exempted
from the job of facilitation and policy formulation. One of the
policies is CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) that is being
implemented recently. The private sector is expected to play a
significant role to help the government to empower the commu-
nity.
There many aspects of life in which the community needs the
helping hands of the private sector. One of them is water supply
and environmental sanitation (WSS) that still miss the stake-
holders' attention.
A program called "Love Water" has gradually been imple-
mented in the grassroot level for the intention that in the long
run it can turn a clean environment and health community into
reality. Love Water is a collaborative program by Coca Cola
Foundation Indonesia (CCFI) and USAID/Indonesia together
with the community to improve the quality of water supply and
sanitation facility of 25 thousand villagers in Bekasi, West Java.
Love Water is part of Community Watershed Partnership
Program (CCPP), a global program for community based water
resources protection, is a strategic alliance of USAID and the
CocaCola Company (CCC) focusing on prevention of water relat-
ed diseases. "Since our company is related to water, it is quite
proper for us care to raw water availability," said Triyono
Prijosusilo, Deputy Chief Executive Operating Committee PT
Coca Cola Indonesia to Percik.
Implementation of Love Water
Love Water program was officially launched in March 2006
on World Water Day. The program started implementation in
two areas, namely (i) community empowerment at Kampung
Wangkal of Kalijaya village and Sukadanau primary school in
Bekasi and (ii) capacity building of students and teachers of four
(4) high schools in Bekasi, i.e SMAN 2, SMAN 6, SMA YPI 45
and SMA Al Azhar Kemang Pratama. The activities are focused
on raw water related issues. Anyone can do such water protec-
tion activities and in the name of our common interest. Such as
economising water use, planting trees, digging infiltration pit,
refrain from littering, and so on. The community role and par-
ticipation is quite meaningfull in environmental protection.
Triyono said that Love Water Program provides the community
and the students with standard provisions to be self reliant in
improving the environmental condition. "This program will be
implemented for two years," he concluded.
Various Activities
The Love Water program has conducted several activities,
some of them are sanitation improvement and betterment of liv-
ing condition. This is undertaken through education of the
pupils of Sukadanau Primary School, Cikarang Barat, Bekasi.
For two primary schools in Sukadanau, i.e SDN 01 and SDN 02
the Love Water Team built wash hand facilities for 1,294 school-
children and 31 teachers from both schools. There was also a
community based training at Kampung Wangkal. This training
was conducted by adopting PHAST (Participatory Hygiene and
Sanitation Transformation), an extension approach widely prac-ticed by the Department of Health.
Besides the above activities there was also another effort to
improve water well in the community and digging of drainage
ditch. Previously the community took water from shallow wells
regardless of whether or not the wells hygiene requirement. To
protect the wells from surface water contamination, especially
during flooding time in rainy season, an improvement to the
PROGRAM
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Percik
October 2007
LOVE WATER
PROGRAM
One of Love Water agenda is repair of the shallow well belonging to a familyin the community. Source: Exclusive.
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groundwater quality is made. The Love
Water Team facilitated the community in
building walls to 22 wells, placement of
concrete slab around the wells and con-
strucyion of drainage ditches to prevent
as much as possible contamination away
from the wells.
Other activities were clean and
healthy Wangkal village, clean, healthy
and green competition, and construction
of public MCK. There are 26 women and
cadres selected for training in compost-
ing. The training consists of waste sepa-
ration (organic from inorganic),
practicum and compost making method.
Go Green School (GGS) program
which is intended to introduce the Green
School concept in order to develop an
environmentally sensitive school which is
evidenced from the community willing-
ness to take lessons from the environ-
mentally sensitive school. This program
is conducted through Love Water safari,
training and particularly by the Go Green
School students, Water Testing Day, and
Love Water Jamboree, and movie making
clinic by Go Green School and Kampung
Wangkal community.
Specifically for movie making clinic
the Love Water Team held a movie mak-
ing training simultaneously at SMA YPI
45 and at Kalijaya village. Forty GGS stu-
dents and 25 Kampung Wangkal youths
took part in this training.
The Love Water team also works in
collaboration with the instructors of
Science, Estethique and Technology Foundation under the leadership of the
famous movie director Garin Nugroho.
The participants were taught how to
make a documentary video about water,
daily activities and clealiness of their sur-
roundings. While the public campaign
was undertaken through simulation,
extensification of understanding about
water source protection, water quality,
and promoting behavioural change and
health and cleanliness. This public cam-
paign consists of radio talkshow, visit to
media, commemoration of World Water
Day, promotion of Air Rahmat, and help-
ing the flood victims. Last but not least is
participation in Wash Hand with Soap
(WHWS) movement. BW
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46
Percik
October 2007
Training in film making for high school students and village youth. Source: Exclusive.
Comptetition in decorating garbage bins by pupils from primary school. Source: Bowo Leksono.
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Clay soil contains a wide variety of
minerals. One of them is called
haloisit. A study with this min-
eral revealed that it can help reducing
pollutant content from detergent of alkyl-
benzene sulfonate group. The rate of
reduction is between 30 to 70 percent,
depending on acidity of the solution, the
more acid the solution the bigger is the
reduction.
The time of contact for the reduction
to take effect is approximately 24 hours.
The reduction occurs through a process
called adsoption of the detergent with the
surface of solid particles of the clay.
The application of this research is to
detergent containing domestic waste- water. Detergent polluted water is
poured directly into the soil. As it pene-
trates the soil and detergent comes into
contact with clay partticles the adsorption
process takes place and finally the deter-
gent content reduces significantly. The
soil material for this dumping is not pre-
dominantly pure clay soil, but a mixture
of various soil particles of different sizes.
This is intended to increase soil porosity
to more water to penetrate at a sufficient
velocity.
After making contact the wastewater
will penetrate deeper and finally reaches
groundwater table. This wastewater will
no longer pollute groundwater because
the pollutant content is now significantly
reduced. Using soil for wastewater treat-
ment medium is known as natural trear-
ment method. It's hoped that natural
treatment can be applied extensively
because it is financially economical and
using locally available material.
There have been many researches
conducted using soil as adsorbent of cer-
tain type of pollutants, organic as well as
inorganic. By nature the soil is potential-
ly the medium where physical, physico-
chemical and biological processes take
place. There is a wide range of possibili-
ties that the processes are highly effective
in reducing pollutants carried by the liq-
uid waste.
Condensed fron thesis by AliMasduqi entitled "Adsorption
Kinetics of LAS (LinearAlkylbenzene Sulfonate)
in Clay Soil by way of Batch System,"
at the Faculty of EnvironmentalEngineering, ITB,
ABSTRACT
47
Percik
October 2007
There have been
many researches
conducted using soil
as adsorbent of certain
type of pollutants,
organic as well as
inorganic.
Detergent content in domestic wastewater can be adsorbed by clay soil.Source: Bowo Leksono.
REDUCING DETERGENT
CONTENT USING CLAY SOIL
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WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Question : Why is it that wastewater treated biologically, while water
supply (drinking water) through physico-chemical process?
Isn't it physico-chemical treatment a faster method to treat
wastewater?
Astari, Bengkulu
Answer :
Physico-chemical process takes a relatively shorter time to
complete and it is also easier to handle, but it is more costly. In
water supply industry, raw water must be treated quickly, to
produce a big quantity and high quality processed water,
because it relates to human basic need. No matter how expen-
sive water tariff may become, human demand remains. On the
other hand, the community will be will be psychologically bur-
dened if they have to spend more money for wastewater treat-
ment. This will significantly reduce theeir willingness to pay for
such a treatment. As an alternative, technology choice is made
based on a high performance and effectiveness at a reasonable
cost within which the community is willing to pay, and the mostappropriate choice is biological process.
WASTE TRANSPORT FEE
Question : Why do they collect the subject transport fee twice, i.e by
waste collector (with his cart) and once again when we pay elec-
tricity bill?
Daeng Mangiri, Donggala
Answer : Waste transport fee collection is determined locally based on
the system applied in the area (collection - transport - treat-
ment). The fee paid to collector is to pay the said collector for his
job collecting and transporting waste to transfer station, and the
fee paid at the electricity bill counter is to pay for the cost relat-
ed to transport the wasste to final disposal facility.
WHAT CHLORINE IS GOOD FOR
Question : What is the purpose of chlorine treatment to a swimming
pool? Is the water safe if swallowed without purpose?
Ardiyanto, Brebes
Answer :
Water in the swimming is treated with desinfectant to kill or
inactivate pathogen microbes in the water. This is done in con-
nection with hygiene and sanitation aspect, as many organic
compounds (for instance excretion from human body such as
sweat, urine, etc.) may serve as nutrient for pathogen microbes.This can be prevented by mixing 8-10 mg/l hypochlorite
Ca(ClO)2 into the water, a process called superchlorination.
With the application of high dosage such as this the inactivation
of pathogen microbes becomes more effective. However, the
swimming pool water is no good when administered, the high
chlorine content is irritative to our body.
IATPI CLINIC
48
Percik
October 2007
Question can be forwarded through Percik magazine
Contributors: Sandhi Eko Bramono ([email protected]), Lina Damayanti ([email protected])
Source: Exclusive.
Percik magazine in cooperation with the Association of Sanitation Engineers and Environmental Engineers maintains Clinic column.
This column deals with question and answers on water supply and environmental sanitation.
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A
change toward hygiene beha-
viour means a lot to the com-
munity. However, quite oftenit misses the communal awareness. The
result, various diseases are threatening.
Poverty is frequently the cause for poor
health condition. But it does not mean
the solution ends up there. Here again
community awareness in resoving its
own problem. A documentary video
show entitled "The Meaning of a
Change" represents the lessons learned
from hygiene behaviour explicitly leads
to healthy living and community empowerment.
The 30 minute video show is based on the life of in the ham-
let of Banyuurip of Surat village, Kediri, East Java. Starting
from water lack of access to water their life is adverse affected.
The habit of defecation in the open is
the main cause for diarrhoea diseases.
This is one record of low householdlatine use. From an estimated 20 fami-
lies, only three have a household latrine.
The rest, are freely but full of anxiety
defecating in the garden or backyard.
WSLIC-2 (Water and Sanitation for
Low Income Communties-2) serves to
bridge and facilitates community
behavioural change. Later it is further
strengthened by CLTS (Community
Total Led Sanitation). The video was
produced by the Directorate of Sanitation Dept. of Health is a document that the parameter of
healthy life does not lie in the quantity of physical infrastruc-
tures, rather it is in behavioural change. BW
CD INFO
The Meaning of a Change
No one knows when the waste prob-
lem can be resolved. Perhaps it'd
be better if we never take it as problem, but as God's creation we are obliged to
take care of it. If we believe in the
Prophet's teaching that "cleanliness is
part of the creed" than waste shouldn't be
a problem because to live a hygienic life is
our own basic principle. This means that
anytime and anywhere we are obliged to
keep the environment clean.
There is no need to speak of dirty
rivers in the cities, even far away in a
remote hamlet we can see a river full of
garbage. Piles after piles of waste are
moored along riverbanks and around
bridge support columns. It is quite unfor-
tunate, indeed. At least this is the real
picture taken by high school student's
camera that was arranged into a do-
cumetary movie. The 7 minute movie is
entitled "Fantasy Earth" was taken not far
from where the photographer lives.
"There are many things around us that
can be made into a film. If you are sensi-
tive enough to what's going on in the
environment, you don't need to go far
away to take a good picture" says Nanki
Nirmanto, the film maker.
The movie contains an interview with
a community living around the river-
banks. According to them, they havenever been in touch with waste disposal
facility that is common in urban areas.
And that is why they feel quite comfort-
able by just throwing their waste any-
where they like.
The movie does not only show the
community's waste problem, the manu-
facturing plants encroaching on the rural
areas are also the object of this movie.
Those factories arbitrarily discard their
wastes into the water body flowing into
ricefields and community dwellings.
Indeed, a clean and healthy earth is only
a fantasy. The film produced under the
independent spirit of Bozz Community is
one of the finalists in Yogyakarta
Documentary Film Festival (FFD) 2007
organized by the Documentary
Community. BW
Fantasy Earth
49
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October 2007
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E nvironmental cleanliness is still a polemic within the com-
munity. One accusing the other over whose responsibility
is for what. It's whether the government or the community,since the public and the private territory meet each other in one
contact area.
This 52 page book describes how the abundance of waste and
obtainable at not cost can be processed to produce something
useful. The author cites an example a processed drainage ditch
waste can turn into con bloc, concrete brick, paving bloc, fertil-
izer or compost.
The relatively concise book does not only describe the tech-
nical aspect of waste material treatment but also its market
opportunity. In addition to that, this book also discusses the
financial aspect and the benefit of using products derived from
waste material.
The author considers it necessary to exchange knowledge
and experience in waste material handling, particularly the one
excavated from the ditch. If only the community and the go-
vernment were working collaboratively the path towards clean
environment might be paved more easily at at the same time
new job vacancies might be generated.
It's hoped this book could serve as guidance to change the
community opinion about waste. Let's do away with the opinion
that making the environment clean is bringing no financial ben-efit, replace it with some profitable real activity. Make not waste
or filth from ditch a problem but take it as responsibility to turn
it into business opportunity. Anyone can make himself an entre-
preneur from things used to be considered a problem. Who is
next to try? BW
Indonesia is one of the signatories of the Millennium
Declaration, an agreement for MDGs achievement in 2015.
In principle Indonesia acknowledges the contents of the declara-
tion. This 92 page book is published for the purpose of reposi-
tioning the MDGs target and the accelerated achievement action
plan. As we all know that in reality Indonesia's achievement is
lagging way behind a satisfactory level. The UN takes note of it
in its Human Development Report 2005 Indonesia's Human
Development Index is only 0.697. This figure places Indonesia
at 110th position from 170 nations, far below that of Malaysia,
Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. This book also provides a
general picture of the efforts made in reaching several MDGs
targets in Indonesia, particularly improvement of environmen-
tal condition of slum areas, access to water supply and sanita-tion, and poverty alleviation through urban infrastructure deve-
lopment.
By 2015 the proportion of the population who still have no
access to water supply and sanitation facility must be signifi-
cantly reduced. But it seems that since 2000 there is an imbal-
ance between population growth and economic development so
that improvement of access does not seem to be significant. The
government is continuously working towards the achievement,
though how slow it may seem. Actually there are various stake-
holders such as the private sector and others to be asked work in
synergy to solve demand of this basic need.
In general we may say that MDGS target achievement, par-
ticularly as it relates to urban facilities, housing, water supply
and sanitation, Indonesia is far from satisfactory. In connection
with fulfillment of government responsibility in community wel-
fare improvement, what needs to be done is to contain all the
political and decision making processes within a single and only
goal of achieving the welfare. BW
BOOK INFO
50
Percik
October 2007
Sharing Experience in Waste Handling
A Reflection of MDGs Target Achievement
TITLE
TREATMENT OF DRAINAGE
WASTEWATER AS BUSINESSOPPORTUNITY
Author:
Mutawakil, S.E
Publisher:
Jakarta, Penebar Swadaya, 2006
Pages:
vi + 52 pages
TITLE:HOUSING, WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATIONAuthor:
Mulya Amri, Ade Tanesia, Adi Abidin,Rohman Yuliawan, Biduk Rokhmani
Publisher:Jakarta, Departemen Pekerjaan Umum
RI, 2005Pages: 92 pages
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SANITATION CONNECTION
www.sanicon.net
Sanitation Coonection is web basednetwork covering all aspects related to
environmental sanitation. This website is
a very complete source of information on
sanitation covering technology, institu-
tion and funding from all over the world.
The available information is supported by
various international institutions manag-
ing and providing the approprite data in
accordance of each one's capacity. It is
also connected with other websites within
the same realm of activities.
Several important themes availablecomprise among others funding and cost
recovery, sanitation promotion, school
sanitation system, solid waste manage-
ment, low cost waste water treatment and
drainage system.
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION
http://www.ecosan.org/
This is a website that focuses on eco-
logical sanitation. This website is devel-
oped by International Water Association
(IWA). It provides community sanitation
related problem solving materials, pub-lishes various IWA activities all over the
world, also contains important informa-
tion on water supply its related develop-
ment institutions.
ECOLOGY AND HEALTH RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT CENTRE
http://www.ekologi.litbang.depkes.go.id
Ecology and Health Condition
Research Centre is a division of the
Agency for Research and Development of
Health Department. The centre derived
its present name from the expansion of
the realm of health ecology to being a part
of ecological study. Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the relationship
beween organism and its environment,
dead or alive, called bionomics. Ecology
is also known as a branch of sociology in
its relation to human being, environment,
distribution, and cultural patterns devel-
oped from the relationship.
Through this website it is hoped that
all data and information covering
resources profile, health ecology research
and development program in terms of
physical-chemical ecology, biological
ecology, health condition and indicator,ecology and health related cooperation
with the related stakeholders, and other
information could be widely and immedi-
ately disseminated for the favour of the
stakeholders.
SANITATION FOR THE COMMUNITY
IN INDONESIA
http://www.indo.ausaid.gov.au
This website contains various forms
of cooperation between the governments
of Australia and Indonesia. One of them
is the Sanitation for the Community
(SANIMAS) program.
The two countries have been partners
for years and have tied a strong relation-
ship as early as 1950s. Through AusAID
the Australian Government will allocate
Official Development Assistance at an
estimated amount of AUD458 million
(approximately Rp3.4 trillion) for 2007-
08. BW
WEBSITE INFO
51
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October 2007
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R E P O R TEVALUATION OF SMALL-SCALE
PROVIDERS OF WATER SUPPLY
AND SANITATION SER-
VICES IN PERU
Publisher: WSP World
Bank, Peru, 2007
WATER QUALITY ASSESS-
MENT (WQA) STUDY OF
KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE,
AND PRACTICE (KAP)
MPA-PHAST COMMUNITY
LED TOTAL SANITATION
Publisher: The Office of
Health Agency Kabupaten
Sukabumi
W O R K I N G
P A P E R
GROUNDWATER MONITOR-
ING AND CONSERVATION
Publisher: DG Mineral Coal
and Geothermal
Resources
Dept. Energy and Mineral
Resources
A PERFORMANCE
INDEX FOR ASSESSING
URBAN WATER SYS-
TEMS: A FUZZY INFER-
ENCE APPROACH
Publisher: AWWA Journal, 2006
R E G U L A T I O N
GOVERNMENT REGULA-
TION NO. 82 OF 2001ON WATER QUALITY
MANAGEMENT AND POL-
LUTION CONTROL
PUBLIC WORKS MINISTE-
RIAL REGULATION NO.
294 OF 2005 ON WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEM DEVE-
LOPMENT
B O O K TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER
Publisher: ESHA
(Environment Series),
Jakarta, 2003
HANDBOOK OF WATER
ECONOMIC: PRINCIPLES
AND PRACTICE
Publisher: John Wiley &
Sons Ltd, 2003
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
SECURITY
Publisher: McGraw-Hill,
2004
M A G A Z I N E
AIR MINUM
(DRINKING WATER)
Ed. 144 September 2007
(in Indonesian)
BULETIN CIPTAKARYA
Ed. V, September 2007
(in Indonesian)
NIRMALA
Ed. June 2007
SUARA BUMI
(EARTH VOICE)
Ed. 8, August 2007
(in Indonesian)
PERCIK
YUNIOR
Ed. 3, August
2007
PERCIK
(ENGLISH VERSION)
Ed. 19, August 2007
WSS BIBLIOGRAPHY
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October 2007
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AGENDA
T I M E A C T I V I T Y
06 September 2007 Seminar on Water and Environment of Jakarta held by Indonesia Water Partnership and Global Water
Partnership
6-8 September 2007 Socialization of WSS Related Law and Regulation at Denpasar, Bali held by DG PMD Dept. Home Affairs in
cooperation with WSS-WG and WASPOLA
10 September 2007 WS for Formulation of Sanitation Strategy Plan of Padang city, West Sumatra held by WSS-WG West Sumatra
11-12 September 2007 WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Jeneponto, S. Sulawesi held by WSS-WG
Kab. Jeneponto
12 September 2007 Coordination Meeting on CLTS Implementation in Indonesia and Plan for CLTS Study by Jakarta academician,
held by DG PP&PL Dept. Health
16-25 September 2007 Training on Resources Agency for TSSM (Total Sanitation and Sanitation Marketing) Indonesia Project at
Pasuruan, East Java by DG PP&PL Dept. Health
19 September 2007 Meeting to Review ISSDP Activity component WASAP-D in Jakarta held by DG Cipta Karya,
Dept. Public Works
20 September 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gorontalo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gorontalo
20 September 2007 WS on Provincial Level WSS Program in Makassar, held by WSS-WG in cooperation with Provincial
WSS-WG South Sulawesi
25 September 2007 Meeting for Water Dialogues held by Indonesia Water Dialogues Working Group
02 October 2007 WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Jayapura, Papua held by WSS-WG, UNICEF
Provincial Government of Papua
02 October 2007 Working Meeting on WSS Service Improvement toward a safe and comfortable city held in Surakarta held by
DG Cipta Karya Dept. Public Works
2-3 October 2007 WS for Formulation of CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Bone Bolango, Gorontalo by WASPOLA and
WSS-WG Kab. Bone Bolango
04 October 2007 WS on WSS Program Cooperation between RI-UNICEF at Manokwari, Papua held by WSS-WG,
UNICEF Manokwari Regional Government
08 October 2007 SANWAG Limited Workshop on Communication Strategy and Sanitation Campaign Design in Jakarta held by
DG PP&PL Dept. Health
23-24 October 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Wajo, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Wajo
25 October 2007 WS on Waste Management Institutional Strengthening in Jakarta conducted by Join
Initiatives Program (JIP) Indonesia
27 October 2007 Informal Meeting with Central Java Dalang in Semarang held by Central Java Dalang Association Commisariate
30 October 2007 WS for Finalising CB-WSS Strategy Plan of Kab. Gowa, by WASPOLA and WSS-WG Kab. Gowa
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