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INDIAS FREEDOMINDIAS FREEDOM
STRUGGLESTRUGGLE
NATIONAL MOVEMENT
(1857-1947)
BY-
A.Raghu Raman
VIII B
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EARLY REVOLTSEARLY REVOLTS
The British rule antagonized the people in
every part of the country to which it was
extended. The exploitation of peasantry was
intensified.
The government made heavy demands on
the Zamindars and chiefs, and their failure
to meet these demands led to their
dispossession.
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EARLY REVOLTSEARLY REVOLTS
Land grants given to scholars by Indian rulers
were also withdrawn by the British and they
were left without any means of support.
There were scores of revolts between 1756 and
1856 in different parts of the country.
The first major revolt broke out soon after the
British conquest of Bengal. It was led bySanyasis and Fakirs and spread to many areas
of eastern India.
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REVOLT OF 1857REVOLT OF 1857
The year 1857 was an eventful year in the
history of the Indian people.
It was in that year that the great armed uprising
took place against the British rule in India.
It began on 10 May 1857 at Meerut.
It brought together soldiers of different regions
and many rulers and chiefs of different statesand principalities to fight for the common aim of
overthrowing the British rule.
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DISCONTENT AGAINST THEDISCONTENT AGAINST THE
BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE The revolt was caused by
widespread discontent that the
British policies in India had
created.
Some of those policies arementioned below.
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DISCONTENT AGAINST THEDISCONTENT AGAINST THE
BRITISH RULEBRITISH RULE Displacement of the Old ruling
sections.
Ruination of Peasants andArtisans.
Fear of Loss of Religion and
Caste. Grievances of the Indian Soldiers.
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MAIN CENTRES OF THEMAIN CENTRES OF THE
REVOLTREVOLT Bills in Madhya Pradesh. Kols in Bengal.
Gonds & Khonds in Orissa.
Kolis in Maharashtra.
Vellore mutiny in 1806 & theBrarricikipore mutiny in 1824.
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SUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLTSUPPRESSION OF THE REVOLT
However, in spite of the widespread nature of
the revolt, within a little over a year it was
suppressed. Delhi was recaptured by the British
in September 1857.Bahadur Shah was takenprisoner.
Most of these revolts were however, locationed
occurrence. Even though it took the British a
long time to suppress some of them, they did not
face a serious danger to the British rule in India.
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CAUSES FOR THE FAILURE OFCAUSES FOR THE FAILURE OF
THE REVOLTTHE REVOLT
Limited area.
Breaking out before planned time.
Lack of common leader. Mutual dissensions among the Indians.
Lack of discipline among the rebel
soldiers. The rebels having no purpose before
them.
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ACT OF 1858 AND QUEENSACT OF 1858 AND QUEENS
PROCLAMATIONPROCLAMATION
In August 1858, the British Parliamentpassed an Act which put an end to
the rule of the Company. The control of the British governmentin India was transferred to the BritishCrown.
At this time, Victoria was the Queenof Britain.
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Queen VictoriaQueen Victoria
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CONTROL OVER THE INDIANCONTROL OVER THE INDIAN
GOVERNMENT FROM BRITAINGOVERNMENT FROM BRITAIN
In 1870, a telegraph line was laid betweenIndia and Britain. This madecommunication very easy.
Now, day-to-day consultations betweenthe Government of India and the Secretaryof State became possible.
The opening of the Suez Canal in1869,connecting the Mediterranean Seawith the Red sea, greatly reduced thedistance between Britain and India.
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British Policy of Divide and RuleBritish Policy of Divide and Rule
They divided the Indian people into the
people of the Indian States and the people
of British India.
In their military administration, they
followed the policy of dividing soldiers in
the basis of their caste or religion.
The British followed a systematic policy of
dividing Hindus and Muslims.
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Policy towards Afghanistan andPolicy towards Afghanistan and
BurmaBurma
The Russian empire had been expanding inCentral Asia in the nineteenth century. Thisalarmed the British.
They tried to increase their influence inAfghanistan to check the Russian advance.
The British sent their troops to Afghanistan in1839,defeated Dost Mohammads army and
installed his rival on the throne. In 1852, Burma was invaded and all the coastal
provinces of Burma now became part of theBritish Indian empire.
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Famines in IndiaFamines in India
Famine (Latin, fames, "hunger), severeshortage of food, generally affecting awide area and large numbers of people.
There was frequent occurrence of faminesin India. The major reason for this was theabsolute dependence of the agriculturists
on the monsoons. Even when the harvest was good, theycould never store anything to live during adrought.
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Famines in IndiaFamines in India
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Modern industries in IndiaModern industries in India
During the second half of the 19th century,a few modern industries were introducedin India.
They could be broadly classified asplantation and machine industries.
These were mostly owned and controlledby British companies.
Some industries were owned by Indians,but they could not develop fast because ofthe unhelpful attitude of the government.
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Tata Iron & Steel IndustriesTata Iron & Steel Industries
Tata, family of pioneer Indian industrialists andphilanthropists. The founder of the Tata businessempire was Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata (1839-1904).
Born in Navsari, into a Parsi family, Jamsetjistudied at Elphinstone College in Bombay beforeentering his father's business as a generalmerchant trading with the East.
He soon proved highly successful, setting up abranch in Shanghai and steering the familythrough the speculation and collapse of cottonprices during the American Civil War
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Rammohun Roy and BrahmoRammohun Roy and Brahmo
samajsamaj
Rammohun Roy was born in a well-to-dofamily in Bengal, probably in 1772.
He received his traditional Sanskritlearning at Benaras and Arabic andPersian learning at Patna.
His greatest achievement in the field of
religious reform was the setting up in 1828of the Brahmo sabha and, in 1830 Brahmosamaj.
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Rammohun RoyRammohun Roy
Roy, Ram Mohan (c. 1772-1833), Indian
religious reformer. He is best known for his
opposition to sati (the practice of widows
casting themselves on to the funeral pyre
of their dead husbands), but was, more
widely, one of the pioneers of the political
movement towards Indian independencethat evolved and gained strength through
the 19th century.
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Rammohun RoyRammohun Roy
Born at Radhnagar, Roy studied Bengali, Arabic,and English and, through his European friends,Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, but he specialized inSanskrit. Coming from a traditional Hindu
background, Roy's contact with a wide circle ofscholars, including Muslims, Christians, andJews, broadened his thinking and led him awayfrom orthodox Hinduism.
In 1830, Roy was sent by Akbar II, titular ruler ofthe Mughal empire, as his envoy to the king ofBritain, and was given the title of raja, which theBritish East India Company refused to recognize.
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Ishwar Chandra VidyasagarIshwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Another great reformer was IshwarChandra Vidyasagar.
He was born in a poor Brahmin familyin 1820, and had a brilliant career asa student of Sanskrit.
Vidyasagars greatest contribution
was to the cause of widowsupliftment and girls education.
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Ramakrishna mission andRamakrishna mission and
VivekanandaVivekananda Ramakrishna (1834-1886), one of the three great
leaders of the Hindu revival in the 19th century; theothers were his disciple Vivekananda and DayanandaSarasvati, founder of the Hindu reform movement AryaSamaj.
Vivekananda (1863-1902), foremost disciple ofRamakrishna and one of the key figures in the 19th-century revival of Hinduism. Vivekananda establishedfirst the Ramakrishna Mission in Calcutta, and then amonastic order, designed to regulate and guide the
activities of the Mission. These include organizing relief during floods, famines
and epidemics, establishing hospitals and runningeducational institutions.
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Vivekananda Memorial, TamilVivekananda Memorial, Tamil
NaduNadu
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EducationEducation
Rabindranath Tagore established theVishva-Bharati at Santiniketan.
Schools were started following the Nai
Talim scheme of Gandhiji which aimed atmaking students self-reliant.
One of Indias foremost nationalistleaders,G.K.Gokhale, said in 1903,It is
obvious that an illiterate and ignorantnation can never make any solid progressand must fall back in the race of life.
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Rabindranath TagoreRabindranath Tagore
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Gopal Krishna GokhaleGopal Krishna Gokhale
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Growth of ScienceGrowth of Science
The country produced a large number of
scientists in every branch of science,
some of whom won international fame.
C.V.Raman was given the Noble Prize for
his work in Physics(the Raman effect) in
1930.
S.Ramanujan was one of the greatest
mathematicians of this century.
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Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata RamanSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
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Rise of National ConsciousnessRise of National Consciousness
Besides revolts, there gradually grew inIndia a movement which expressed theaspirations of the Indian people as a
nation. It was more widespread than any of the
previous revolts and movements andrepresented demands not of one sectionor community or region, but of the entirenation.
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Formation of the Indian NationalFormation of the Indian National
CongressCongress
Indian National Congress, political party that led
the struggle for the independence of India from
the British Empire. It formed the mainstay of the
Indian nationalist movement and later dominatedthe country's government.
Founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume with
a base of support chiefly in the upper-class
intelligentsia, the Congress originally advocatedlimited democratic reforms under British rule.
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Formation of the Indian NationalFormation of the Indian National
CongressCongress
Beginning in 1905, it called for swaraj, or self-government, and in 1920 it adopted the strategyof satyagraha (non-violent resistance) devised
by Mohandas K. Gandhi, who also widened itssupport into a true mass movement.
By 1929, led by Jawaharlal Nehru, theCongress was demanding total independence.During World War II it refused to support theBritish war effort, launching instead a Quit Indiacampaign that led to violent confrontations andprison terms for about 100,000 of its supporters.
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Some important leaders ofSome important leaders of
CongressCongress
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Influence Of World EventsInfluence Of World Events
Indian leaders were inspired by revolutionsand events which happened in differentparts of the world.
In 1905, there was a revolution in Russia.Russia in those days was ruled by anautocratic emperor and the people had norights.
A heavy tax burden and courtextravagances eventually led to a popularrevolt and the French Revolution.
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Louis XVILouis XVI
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French Soldiers of theFrench Soldiers of the
Revolutionary ArmiesRevolutionary Armies
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Guillotining of Louis XVIGuillotining of Louis XVI
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Vladimir Ilich LeninVladimir Ilich Lenin
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Nicholas II, the Last Russian TsarNicholas II, the Last Russian Tsar
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Swadeshi movementSwadeshi movement
Swadeshi movement, which urged
Indians to buy only Indian-made goods.
It was largely the weight of his by then
highly distinguished presence that helpedheal temporarily the emerging rifts
between moderates and extremists within
Congress in 1906, following Britishproposals to partition Bengal.
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Emergence of GandhijiEmergence of Gandhiji
Gandhi finally returned to India in 1915, after thegovernment of the Union of South Africa hadmade important concessions to his demands,including recognition of Indian marriages and
abolition of the poll tax for them Satyagraha, form of non-violent protest invented
by Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa andperfected by him in the course of the anti-Britishstruggle in India. The term is made up of twowords, satya (truth) and agraha (insisting onsomething without becoming obstinate), andmeans both on and for truth.
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GandhijiGandhiji
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Rowlatt ActRowlatt Act
In March 1919, the Rowlatt Act was
passed.
Many leaders who were members ofthe Assembly, resigned in protest.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was the
president of Muslim League alsoresigned from the Assembly.
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Mohammad Ali JinnahMohammad Ali Jinnah
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Emergence of NewEmergence of New
LeadersLeadersA new group of youngleaders arose in the 1920s.
The most prominent of thenew leaders were
Jawaharlal Nehru andSubhas Chandra Bose.
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Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru
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Subhas Chandra BoseSubhas Chandra Bose
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Dr.Bhim Rao AmbedkarDr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar
Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar was a (1891-1956), Indian lawyer and social reformerwho fought for the rights of the
Untouchables of India. He was born at Mhow (now Mahu), the
fourteenth child in a poor Hindu family whowere subcaste, or Untouchables.
His father was a soldier and the familymoved frequently between military camps.
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Dr.Bhim Rao AmbedkarDr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar
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The Cripps MissionThe Cripps Mission
In early 1942, the War situation
compelled the British to have open
talks with the Indian leaders. At this time Sir Stafford Cripps, a
British Minister, came to India to hold
talks with Indian leaders. This is known as the Cripps Mission.
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Sir Stafford CrippsSir Stafford Cripps
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Quit India MovementQuit India Movement
In April 1942, the Cripps Mission
failed. Within less than four months,
the third great mass struggle of theIndian people for freedom started.
This struggle is known as the Quit
India Movement. On 15thAugust 1947 dawned India
was given freedom.
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Louis MountbattenLouis Mountbatten
Mountbatten served as Viceroy of Indiafrom March to August 1947, and governor-general of the new dominion of India from
August 1947 to June 1948. Mountbatten was killed when a bomb,
planted by terrorists of the IrishRepublican Army, blew up his fishing boatin Donegal Bay, near his home in CountySligo.
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Louis MountbattenLouis Mountbatten
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Louis MountbattenLouis Mountbatten
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THANK YOU FOR WATCHINGTHANK YOU FOR WATCHING
MY SOCIAL PROJECTMY SOCIAL PROJECT
By
A.Raghu Raman
VIII B