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Lecture 2: Overview of Research in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
Big Things from the small World
Nanoscale Probing and Imaging
1 inch = 25,400,000 nanometer
1 human hair = 150,000 nanometer
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Nano-scale: how small is 1 nanometer?
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Morphology Size
Co
mp
osi
tio
n
bulk powders microns nanometers angstroms
phase √ √
cluster √ √
molecules √ √
atoms √
Size Matters for both morphology and composition
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Nanoscience: shaping science at nanometer. Examples? Chemical reactions, bonding formation, … Nanotechnology: improve technology through nanometer scale manipulation, optimization. Examples? Nanoparticles, Single-molecule transistor, single-cell imaging/operation, … 1 nm ~ a few atoms molecule building-blocks of materials Nanoscale research leads to atomic/molecular scale optimization of materials (e.g. single-crystals) --- bottom up approach, for which the central, and most critical technique is nanoscale imaging and probing, thus developed for characterizing the size, structure, morphology of nanomaterials and their relationship with the optical, electrical and magnetic properties.
One such example is the structure manipulation of carbon materials. See next slide.
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Nobel Prize, 1996
Three major allotropes of carbon: graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.
Atomic Manipulation of Carbons
Diamond: transparent, insulator
Amorphous carbon: glassy materials
Graphite: Black, conductor or semimetal
zero-dimension
one-dimension
two-dimension
1985
2004
1991
Nobel Prize, 2010
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• $32 billion in nanotechnology sale, 2008.
• $2.6 trillion, by 2014.
• $1.85 billion, federal budget for Nanotechnology R&D, 2011, 2012.
Nano-Quote:
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Materials Science and Engineering
relationship Technology
Manipulation Manufacturing products
improvement
Size Scale
Microstructure
Nanostructure Macroscopic
Atom, Molecule level nanometer (nm) scale
Bulk phase materials large area arrays, chips panels, devices, etc. Nanotechnology
Structure, Property, Function
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All kinds of ‘Nano’
Nanosphere Nanoparticle Quantumdot
Nanorod Nanowire
Nanochain Nanobelt
Nanoribbon Nanotube Nanokids
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Nanocar Rolls Into Action World's first molecular car zips about on fullerene wheels
A single-molecule car was developed by Kelly, Tour, and coworkers.
Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2330
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Playing at Nanoscale
Nanoalignment Nanocross
Nanowriting
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Few terms in the chemical and physical sciences have seen more use (and abuse) in recent years than “nanoscience” or even worse “nanotechnology”
--- James Heath Acct. Chem. Res. 1999, vol. 32, page 3888
Nano-Research: not just emerging, but expanding
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1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
0
10
20
30
40
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
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1.8Big Boost in Nano Research
Num
ber o
f Pap
ers
(thou
sand
s)
Years
US Yearly Budget on National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
$$Yearly Publicationsin Nanoscience (SCI)
Billi
on D
olla
rs
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--- a program established in fiscal year 2001 to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development. The NNI provides a vision of the long-term opportunities and benefits of nanotechnology. http://www.nano.gov/ other website for updated nanotech news: http://pubs.acs.org/cen/nanofocus/
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
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“Imagine the possibilities: materials with ten times the strength of steel and only a small fraction of the weight --- shrinking all the information housed at the Library of Congress into a device the size of a sugar cube --- detecting cancerous tumors when they are only a few cells in size.
President William J. Clinton
January 21, 2000 California Institute of Technology
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Where was Nanotechnology originated? By Richard Feynman, Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 in a 1959 talk on top-down nanotechnology called “There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”. --- American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959
Feynman considered a number of interesting ramifications of a general ability to
manipulate matter on an atomic scale. He was particularly interested in the
possibilities of denser computer circuitry, and microscopes which could see things
much smaller than is possible with electron microscopes. These ideas were later
realized by the use of the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), the atomic force
microscope (AFM) and other examples of scanning probe microscopy (SPM).
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M3 All Nanoscale
What is Nanotechnology?
Synthesis of Nano-sized molecules (Tour, Muellen) Nanowires, nanotubes (Yang, Lieber, Wang, Dai) Nanocrystals (Alivisatos, Bawendi) …
Traditional bio-med research with proteins or other nanosized biological units is not considered as nanotechnology.
Nanoscale imaging/probing (Weiss, Brus) Single-molecule measurement (Moener, Nie, Xie, Chu, Barbara) AFM, STM (Weiss, Bawendi) Molecule I/V measurement (Reed) …
Surface nanopatterning (Whitesides, Chou) Fabrication of nanowires (Lieber, Heath) DNA assembly (Mirkin, Seeman) Nano-electronic device (Reed, Heath) …
Making
Measuring Manipulating
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Why at Nanoscale?
Electronics miniaturization
Materials Quantum size effect
Complexicity Heterogeneity
Biology proteins, enzymes, DNAs,
all nanometer size
Nanoscience
Chemistry, physics, medical Chemistry, physics
physics, engineering Nano-photochemistry
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Nanoscale Research is beyond Academia
• IBM • Lucent, Bell Labs • Intel • GE • Numerous Nano-companies: beyond your imagination (Zyvex, Nanosys, Nanoproducts, Nanologic, Nano Ink, Nanolayers,
NanoGram, Nanodevices, Nanomaterials, Nanosphere, …)
• National Labs: Argonne, Brookhaven, Oak Ridge…
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Limit of Moore’s Law
From Intel
Challenge!
Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware. The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
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Limit of Moore’s Law
Moore's law describes a long-term trend in the history of computing hardware. The number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years.
Ryan E. Clarke : Department of Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, RPI
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Expanding Moore’s Law
From Intel
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Expanding Moore’s Law
From Intel
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Highly Conductive Molecular Wires
Cross-section size (nm2)
Current Density (electrons/nm2 sec)
1 mm copper wire ~ 3x1012 ~ 2x106
~ 0.05 ~ 4x1012
Carbon nanotube ~ 3 ~ 2x1011
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Fabrication of a molecular device
• Nano-gap Electrodes: very low successful yield for fabrication.
• Large molecules: to fit in the nano-gap.
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Molecules used for electronic devices
wire
diode
switch
Nature, 2000, vol. 408, page 541.
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Fabrication and evaluation of molecular devices:
• Surface deposited electrode systems: distance fixed.
• Piezo controlled electrode system: distance adjustable.
• AFM/STM based measurement: flexible for various kinds of samples.
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Ultimate goal --- Interconnecting and integrating billions of molecular units into a functional chip.
Self-assembly --- Seems to be the most promising approach, since photolithography method (top-down approach) does not work for molecules.
Challenge --- How to organize billions of molecules within a 1X1 inch area. An Intel Dual-core Xenon CPU has 820,000,000 transistors!
Prerequisites --- high recognition or selectivity.
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DNA --- an Perfect Self-assembler by Nature
• Extremely high selectivity;
• Strong binding via H-bonds;
• Highly flexible for modification;
• Good physicochemical stability;
• Good mechanical rigidity.
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Self-organized nanostructure of DNA
H. Yan, Science, 2003, Vol. 301, page 1882.
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Single-Molecule Probing of Protein Systems
Single-molecule blinking; movie of protein dynamics in living cells.
Single-molecule sensor
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