Download - Motor Control: Lecture 1
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Michael S. Beauchamp, Ph.D.Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Neurobiology and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Health Science Center at
HoustonHouston, TX
Motor Control: Lecture 1
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Muscles, what are they good for?
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Muscle model
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Body as machine
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Cognition
Action
ENVIRONMENT
Senses
MOTOR CONTROL
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Necessary Components of Proper Motor Control
• Volition• Coordination of signals to many muscle groups
• Proprioception• Postural adjustments• Sensory feedback• Compensation for body and muscles• Unconscious processing• Adaptability
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Motor control requires sensory input The case of Ian Waterman
• Lost all somatosensory and proprioceptive input• Initially unable to make any coordinated movement• After years of practice he trained himself to make movement under
visual guidance• Requires total concentration to move and even maintain posture• Collapses to ground when lights unexpectedly go out
Jonathan Cole, Pride and a Daily Marathon, MIT Press, 1995.
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The Man Who Lost His Body 1998 BBC documentaryIan Waterman, age 19
• Lost all somatosensory and proprioceptive input• Initially unable to make any coordinated movement• After years of practice he trained himself to make movement under
visual guidance• Requires total concentration to move and even maintain posture• Collapses to ground when lights unexpectedly go out
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Hierarchical Organization and Functional Segregationof Central Motor Structures
Level 4: Association Cortex
Level 2: Brain Stem
(Red Nucleus, Reticular Formation, Vestibular Nuclei, Tectum, Pontine
Nuclei, Inferior Olive)
Level 1: Spinal Cord
Level 3: Motor Cortex
Side Loop 1:Basal Ganglia
(Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra,
Subthalamic Nucleus)
Thalamus
(VA,VL,CM)
Side Loop 2: Cerebellum
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Alpha motor neuron
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Alpha Motor Neurons• Innervate skeletal muscle and cause muscle contractions• Isometric contraction (equal size)• Isotonic contraction (equal force)
• Release acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction
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Motor Neuron Pool (Motor Nucleus)The group of motor neurons that innervate an individual muscle
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From J. Nolte (2002) The Human Brain, 5th Edition
Motor Neuron Pool
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Motor Neuron Pool (Motor Nucleus)
The group of motor neurons that innervate an individual muscle
Motor Unit
An individual motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
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Motor Neuron Pool vs. Motor Unit
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Motor Neuron Pool (Motor Nucleus)
The group of motor neurons that innervate an individual muscle
Motor Unit
An individual motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
Innervation Ratio
The number of muscle fibers innervated by a single motor neuron
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Control of muscle force
Rate Code: Increases in rate of action potentials of motor neuron cause increases in muscle force
Size Principle: With increasing strength of input, motor neurons are recruited from smallest to largest
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Rate Code
tetanus
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Control of muscle force
Rate Code: Increases in rate of action potentials of motor neuron cause increases in muscle force
Size Principle: With increasing strength of input, motor neurons are recruited from smallest to largest
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Size Principle
V = IR
From G. E. Loeb & C. Ghez (2000), in Principles of Neural Science, 4th Edition (Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessel, Eds.)
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Size Principle
Small motor neurons innervate slow-twitch muscle fibers
Medium motor neurons innervate fast-twitch, fatigue-resistant muscle fibers
Large motor neurons innervate fast-twitch, fatigable muscle fibers
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ProprioceptionSpecialized receptors provide informationabout muscle:
• length• velocity (change in length)• load (force)
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Receptors Involved in ProprioceptionMuscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organ
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Muscle model
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Intrafusal fibers
Extrafusal fibers
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Typical muscle spindle = 1 dynamic nuclear bag fiber 1 static nuclear bag fiber~ 5 nuclear chain fibers
Muscle Spindles are made of intrafusal muscle fibers
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Sensory Fibers Involved in Proprioception
Muscle Spindles
Group Ia (primary): velocity and lengthGroup II (secondary): length
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Type Ia afferents signal velocity and length, Type II afferents signal length only
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Gamma motor neurons maintain sensitivity of muscle spindle
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Receptors Involved in ProprioceptionMuscle Spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs
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Golgi Tendon Organ
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Sensory Fibers Involved in Proprioception
Muscle Spindles
Group Ia (primary): velocity and lengthGroup II (secondary): length
Golgi Tendon Organs
Group Ib: Tension or force
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Next Lecture: Spinal Reflexes
Myotatic reflexMuscle spindles (Ia)+ alpha motor neurons
Autogenic inhibitionGolgi tendon organs (Ib)- alpha motor neurons