![Page 1: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Morphological structure of English words(MORPHEMES)Lecture # 2
Grigoryeva M.
![Page 2: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Language Units Morphemes Words Word groups Phraseological units
![Page 3: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
MORPHEME
morphe – “form” - eme “the smallest unit”
Morphemes- are the smallest meaningful unit of form cannot be segmented into smaller units can occur in speech only as constituent parts of
words are divided into lexical morphemes and grammatical
morphemes
![Page 4: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
ALLOMORPHS
Phonetic variants of one and the same morpheme
Ex: please-pleasing [pliz-]
pleasant [plez-]
![Page 5: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
morphemes
roots affixes
DerivationalFunctional (endings)
prefixes
suffixes
![Page 6: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Lexical morphemes Free
Roots
Bound
Affixes
![Page 7: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
FREE morphemes
coincide with a word-form
may stand alone without changing its meaning
can be only rootsEx. sport- in sportive
BOUND morphemes
do not coincide with separate word-forms
occur only as a constituent part of words
are mostly derivational morphemes
Ex. –ive in sportive;
![Page 8: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Semantically
Root morphemes (radicals)
Non-root morphemes
![Page 9: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A ROOT morpheme (RADICALS)
is a lexical center of a word has an individual lexical meaning common
to a set of semantically related words (word-family)Ex to write, writer, writing
does not possess a part-of-speech meaningEx cold water, to water flowers
![Page 10: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Non-root morphemes (Derivational)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
endings Affixational morpheme (affixes)
prefixes suffixes
functional derivational
![Page 11: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)
Inflectional morphemes (inflections)- endings- carry only grammatical meaning
Ex –s (plural of nouns)
- ed (Past Indefinite of regular verbs)
![Page 12: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
A PREFIX
a derivational morpheme
stands before the root
modifies the word meaning
Ex hearten – dishearten
safe - unsafe
![Page 13: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SUFFIX Derivational morpheme Follows the root Forms a new derivative in a different part
of speech or a different word class
Ex heart-en
heart-y
heart-less
![Page 14: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
Ex. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest
![Page 15: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
build new words
Ex to teach - a teacher
have a part-of-speech meaning
Ex. to change – changeable
to organize – organization
are dependent on the root they modify (bound)
![Page 16: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Structurally
Free morphemes
Bound morphemes
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes
![Page 17: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Free morphemes
coincide with the stem or a word form
Ex friendship
![Page 18: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Bound morphemes Occur only as a constituent of a word
(affixes are always bound morphemes)
Ex darkness
impolite
to dramatize
![Page 19: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Semi-bound (semi-free) morphemes
Function in a morphemic sequence both as an affix and as a free morpheme
Ex to sleep well (free morphemes – coincide with
half an hour the stem and the word-form)
well- known (bound morphemes- a part of
half-done the word)
![Page 20: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Completives (a combining form)
is a bound form a distinguishing feature from an affix---borrowed from
another language occur in compounds (that didn’t exist in the original
language and were formed in modern times)
Ex aerogram ( Greek ------ aer = air)
claustrophobia (Greek ----- claustrum=closed space phobia=fear)
Beatlesmania (modern - Beatles Greek ---- mania = madness)
![Page 21: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Splinters
clipping the end or the beginning of a word to produce new words
Mini- miniature (minibus)
Eco- ecology (ecomenu)- burger hamburger (cheeseburger)- wich sandwich (turkeywich)
![Page 22: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Types of meaning
Lexical Differential Part – of- speech Distributional
![Page 23: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lexical meaning
Is individual for root-morphemes
Ex Teach teacher teaching
Is generalizing for affixational morphemes
Ex -en (the change of a quality)
deepen deafened
![Page 24: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Some affixational morphemes with the same
denotational meaning differ in conotation
womanly - womanlike - womanishженственный женский бабий
![Page 25: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Differential meaning
To distinguish one word from others containing identical morphemes
Ex A bookshelf a book+case
a book+stall
![Page 26: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Part-of-speech meaning
In most cases affixational morphemes are indicative of the part of speech
Ex -ment (noun)
- less (adjective)
- ize (verb)
![Page 27: Morphological structure of English words (MORPHEMES) Lecture # 2](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022081501/56814601550346895db30de7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Distributional meaning
The meaning of the order and arrangement of morphemes making up a word containing more than one morpheme
sing- (to make musical sounds)
Ex sing+er -er (the doer of the action)
er+sing IMPOSSIBLE!