MONDAY1. Draft orthographic projections from a given
parallel projection drawing.2. Draw an isometric drawing from given
orthographic projections.TUESDAY
Multiple choice
Calculators not allowed on either portion. No extra time to complete test will be available.
TEST 2 REVIEW: Communication TechnologyTest Thursday and Friday
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-1
Telephone
T.V. Remote
Alarm Clock
Thermostat
When answering this type of question…
SOURCE of communication to
DESTINATION of communication
The large orange # refers to the test review sheet
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-1
INPUTS PROCESSES
OUTPUTS
GOALS
GOALS
FEEDBACKControl
Communication Technology
Transmitted Communication
Encoder Transmitter
Receiver Decoder Storage
Retrieval
Received Communication
Input Process Output
SOURCE DESTINATIONTECHNOLOGY
Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-1
Telephone CommunicationOne of the simplest devices in your house
You speak into the microphone
InputProcesses
Friend hears voice
OutputEncoderTransmitter
ReceiverDecoderStorage
Retrieval
Microphone – converts sound energy of voice into electrical energy (encodes)Wires – the electrical energy travels from your phone, via exchanges, to your friend’sReceiver – friend’s earpiece speaker converts the electrical energy back to soundAnswering Machine – friend isn’t home, and this machine stores your communicationPlay Button – friend gets home, presses play, hears your recorded voice
What part of this technology system is an example of Human to Machine communication?
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
• Television (1925)– Greek: tele – far, Latin: visio – seeing – 4 main parts (cathode ray tube)– Electron gun fires 3 beams – Steering coils move electron beam across screen – Phosphorus screen has over 200,000 pixels– Glass tube holds it all together– Signals are broadcasted like radio signalsTe
leco
mm
unic
ation
sCommunication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-2
Radio:
Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate
Source: Sounds and Information
Encoder: Devices that convert sound and info into a modulated sine wave (rapidly changing electric current in a wire)
Sine wave contains no information. We need to modulate (vary) it.
Problem:
Assignment 2 and 3
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POLY ENGINEERING2-2
Assingnment 2 and 3 REVIEW
Radio:Goal: Inform Persuade Entertain Control Manage Educate
Source: Sounds and Information
Encoder: Devices convert sound and info into modulated sine waves
Transmitter: Antennas radiate the radio waves into air (medium)
Receiver: Antennas capture the radio waves from air
Decoder: Devices convert radio waves back into sounds and data
[Storage: Recording devices store sounds and data for playback]
[Retrieval: Stored data can be accessed and played]
Destination: Consumers’ ears and eyes
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-2
Drill
1. A device that changes a message into a form that can be transmitted
2. A device that sends a signal (i.e., encoded message)3. A device that acquires a signal (i.e., encoded message)4. A device that changes a coded message into an
understandable form
Decoder
Encoder
Receiver
Transmitter
Data
Match the statements with the correct term below:
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-2
Communication
Knowledge
Information
Storage
1. Unorganized facts2. Organized data3. Information applied to a task4. The sending and receiving of information
Data
Match the statements with the correct term below:
Communication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-2
Assignment 2 and 3- REVIEWRadio:
Pulse Modulation: turn the voltage (sine wave) on/off (Morse Code)
Amplitude Modulation: vary the amplitude (peak-to-peak) voltage
Frequency Modulation: vary the frequency (speed)
PM
AM
FM
Encoder: Devices that convert sound and information into a modulated sine wave
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
– Print Graphic Communication Visual, lingual messages that include printed media
– Photographic Communication Using photographs, slides, or motion pictures to
communicate a message– Telecommunications
Communicating over a distance– Technical Graphic Communication
Specific information about a product or its partsSize and shape, how to install, adjust, operate, maintain,
or assemble a device
Classes of Communication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
1. Print Graphic Communication 2. Photographic Communication 3. Telecommunications4. Technical Graphic Communication
Matching Classes
Telephone HeadphonesBook ComputerVideotape Remote ControlDVD PaintingMagazine CameraPhotograph Comic StripNewspaper Billboard
312,32,3121
333221,21,2
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
– Major Processes:• Relief
– A modeled work that is raised (or lowered) from a flat background.
– Cuneiform by the Sumerians ~6000 years ago. – Wood block printing ~200 C.E.– Movable type printing ~1040 C.E. (Gutenberg ~1450)– Intaglio (in-tal-yo) ~1430– Rotary printing press ~1843
• Lithography (offset printing) ~1796– The source and destination are not on raised surfaces– Grease and water do not readily mix– A chemical process– Most modern books and newspapersPr
int G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation Intaglio
(in-tal-yo)
1. Depressions cut into printing plate
2. The plate is covered in ink
3. Excess ink is removed from surface
4. Paper placed on plate and compressed
5. Paper is removed and ink has been transferred
By 593 A.D., the first printing press was invented in China, and the first printed newspaper was available in Beijing in 700 A.D. It was a woodblock printing. And the Diamond Sutra, the earliest known complete woodblock printed book with illustrations was printed in China in 868 A.D. And Chinese printer Bi Sheng invented movable type in 1041 A.D. in China.
Low ReliefHigh Relief
Communication Technology
Cuneiform
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
• Screen Printing (~1000 C.E., China; 1907 England)– Mainly billboards, package labels, fabric designs– Uses a woven mesh (a screen) to support an ink
blocking stencil. – The stencil forms open areas of mesh that transfer ink
as a sharp-edged image onto a substrate. – A roller or squeegee is moved across the screen
stencil forcing or pumping ink past the threads of the woven mesh in the open areas.
• Electrostatic (1938 / 1960s)– Photocopier, Laser Printer– Opposite charges attract
• Ink Jet (1980s)– Use a series of nozzles to spray ink directly on paperPr
int G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
Communication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
• Photographic Communication – The process of using photographs to communicate a
message– Photography – capturing light on a light-sensitive
material such as film or electronic sensor– As a usable process, 1820s– Includes photographs, slides, and motion pictures
Phot
ogra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onCommunication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
• Telecommunication– Communicating over a distance
Tele – Greek, “far off” Communicare – Latin, “to share”– Rely on the principles of electricity and magnetism – 2 types:
• Hardwired systems (telephone, cable, fiber-optic)• Broadcast systems (radio and t.v., mobile phones)
– Point-to-point: • One transmitter and one receiver
– Broadcast:• One powerful transmitter to numerous receiversTe
leco
mm
unic
ation
sCommunication Technology
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POLY ENGINEERING2-4
– Smoke signals and drums– Chains of beacons (Middle Ages)
• Navigation signals• Enemy troops approaching
– Homing pigeons • Carrier pigeons used as early as 1150 in Baghdad• Olympic victors, Greece; Stock options, Europe
– Optical telegraph (semaphore, 1792, France)• Towers with pivoting shutters• Information encoded by the position of the
mechanical elements
Tele
com
mun
icati
ons
Communication Technology
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POLY ENGINEERING2-4
– Telegraph (mid 1830s)• First instrument used to send messages by means of wires
and electric current• A device interrupts the flow of a current through a wire• Uses shorter and longer bursts of current to represent
letters• Device at receiving end converted electrical signal into
clicks• Operator/mechanical printer converted clicks into words• Telegram – wires over land• Cable – wires under water
– Telephone (1876 – Bell and Gray)• Greek: tele – far, phone – sound
Tele
com
mun
icati
ons
Communication Technology
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-4
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onCommunication Technology
– Engineering Drawing / Technical Illustration• Communicates specific information
– Size and shape– How parts are assembled– How to install, operate, adjust, maintain a device
• Hand methods– Sketching– Drafting
• Computer methods– CAD (AutoCAD, Sketchup, Inventor, ProEngineer, etc.)
• Cover the 3 main technical drawing types and their ~12 variations
• Establish class standards for technical drawing• Further develop and apply skills in drafting• Develop and apply skills in Sketchup
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
Objectives
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onThe remainder of Unit 2:
Technical Graphic Communication
• One of many drafting techniques• Quick way to show an idea that would be difficult
to describe with words alone• Used mainly in Engineering Design Process Step 2:
Brainstorm, Research, and Generate Ideas
• NO DRAWING TOOLS (not even a straightedge)• Rules of drawing STILL APPLY
– Pull, don’t push– LIGHT construction lines– Use appropriate line weight and type
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
SKETCHESTY
PE 1
: SKE
TCH
ES
• Orthographic Projections:– Ortho: straight or at right angles– Graphic: written down– Pro: forward– Jacere: to throw
“To throw straight forward and write down”• The method of representing the exact form of an
object in 2 or more views on planes (usually at right angles to each other)
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
• There are 6 standard views:
• Which views to use?– The different features of an object will suggest which
views to draw. – Standard is:
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9How are orthographic projections drawn?
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
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POLY ENGINEERING2-9
• Reference Planes:– Frontal Reference Plane
» Front View– Horizontal Reference Plane
» Top View– Profile Reference Plane
» Side View
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
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POLY ENGINEERING2-9
– Frontal Reference Plane» Front View
– Horizontal Reference Plane» Top View
– Profile Reference Plane» Side View
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
Which Reference Plane?HRP
Which Reference Plane?PRP
Which View?FRONT
Which Reference Plane?HRP
FRP
Which View?RIGHT
Which Reference Plane?
Now, sketch the Horizontal Reference Plane and label the view and other planes.
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
• Reference Planes:– Frontal Reference Plane
» Front View– Horizontal Reference Plane
» Top View– Profile Reference Plane
» Side View
MULTI-VIEWTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
Which Reference Plane?FRP
Which Reference Plane?PRP
Which View?TOP
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
• Reference Planes:– You can also have multiple positions of the same
reference planes
MULTI-VIEW
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POLY ENGINEERING2-9
• Sectional Views– How an object looks if a cut were made through it
perpendicular to the direction of sight.– For example, if we cut the shape below at PRP 2 and
drew the shape (including its “insides”) we would have a sectional view:
SECTIONAL VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-9
• Sectional Views– Different materials have different sectional views
SECTIONAL VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Examples
SECTIONAL VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
•So far, our standard 6 views are all visible using the three regular planes of projection
–Frontal Reference Plane–Horizontal Reference Plane–Profile Reference Plane
•Those views are drawn TRUE SIZE•However, inclines (slants) are not shown as true
size in standard views.
AUXILIARY VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-10
•Inclines (slants) are not shown as true size in standard views.
• Each square below represents 1”. What are the widths of the front view and right side views?
– 9” and 4”, respectively
AUXILIARY VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
FRP
HRP
PRP
• Neither the front, top, or side view shows the true size and shape of the object’s inclined surface.
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
AUXILIARY VIEWSTY
PE 2
: MU
LTI-V
IEW
FRP
PRP
Which Reference Plane?HRP
ARPAuxiliary Reference Plane
The ARP shows true form (shape and size) for inclines
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-10
TYPE
2: M
ULT
I-VIE
WSURFACE DEVELOPMENTS
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
Stretchout Pattern Development• Used by many industries:
– Pipes and ducts– Aircraft and automobile parts– Storage tanks– Cabinets– Boxes and cartons– Packages
• Packaging is a very large industry that uses surface developments.
TYPE
2: M
ULT
I-VIE
WSURFACE DEVELOPMENTS
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Tells all that needs to be known for making a single part or a complete machine or structure
– Precise size and shape– What materials are used– How finishing should be done (roughness/smoothness)– Degree of accuracy (% Error allowed)
TYPE
2: M
ULT
I-VIE
WWORKING DRAWINGS
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Pictorial drawings show a likeness (shape) of an object as viewed by the eye.
PICTORIAL DRAWINGSTY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
ISOMETRICTY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
Isometric Cube:
1) all lines equal length;
2) all faces equal area;
3) perimeter is a hexagon
• From Greek: Equal Measure– Isos: Equal– Metron: Measure
• The scale along each axis of the projection is the same• True form parallel lines are shown as parallel (note colors
below)• All isometrics: simple construction
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Latin: perspicere – to see through• An approximate representation of an image as it is
perceived by the eye. • The most characteristic feature of perspectives is that
objects are drawn:
Smaller as their distance from the observer increases
PERSPECTIVETY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• A way of showing depth, like isometric• Part orthographic / part isometric:
– One face is true form– Parallel lines behind; either:
» Full scale» Half scale» Three-quarter scale
OBLIQUETY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
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POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Take an object and separate into individual parts• Usually employed in instruction manuals• Typically drawn in parallel projection (notice there
is no perspective in the examples below)
EXPLODED ASSEMBLYTY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-10
• Show the interior details of a product• Often employed in instruction manuals• Assists in understanding operation of product
CUT-AWAY PICTORIALTY
PE 3
: PIC
TORI
AL
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
• Turn in your 3-view assignment (include NAME)• Match the type of Technical Graphics below with
its type:
Isometric Section Standard View Development Perspective Oblique
Cut-away Pictorial Com
mun
icati
on T
echn
olog
y
DRILL
A B C
D E F
G
E
B
C
F
G
D
A
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POLY ENGINEERING2-11
Which of the following images are parallel projections?
TECHNICAL GRAPHICSTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
No drawing tools
SKETCHESTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
[REVIEW]
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POLY ENGINEERING2-11
Standard Views
Sectional Views
Auxiliary Views
Developments
Working Drawings
MULTI-VIEW DRAWINGSTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
[REVIEW]
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
Show a likeness of an object as viewed by the eyeIsometric
Perspective
Oblique
Exploded Assembly
Cutaway Pictorial
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onPICTORIAL DRAWINGS[REVIEW]
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POLY ENGINEERING2-11
1. Line Weights2. Line Types3. Dimensioning4. Scales
CLASS STANDARDSTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
Four Weights in this class:
Light: not noticeable from 2’ (nearly invisible)
Medium: just noticeable from 2’Heavy: obvious from 2’ (final weight
for most objects)Very Heavy: only used for borders
LINE WEIGHTSTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
1. Construction/Layout Lines– LIGHT WEIGHT– ALL lines begin as these– DO NOT ERASE (unless there is a measuring error)
2. Guidelines– LIGHT WEIGHT– Used for LETTERING
LINE TYPESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
3. Object Lines:– HEAVY WEIGHT– The final line type for most
objects
4. Hidden Lines:– HEAVY WEIGHT– Everything must be represented in each view, whether
or not it can be seen– Interior and exterior features are projected from view
to view in the same way– Parts not seen on the exterior of a view are drawn
with hidden lines – short DASHES
LINE TYPESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
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POLY ENGINEERING2-11
5. Centerlines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Centers of symmetrical objects, including circles– Used to locate views and dimensions
LINE TYPESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
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POLY ENGINEERING2-11
6. Section Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Show materials in cross-section views– Different materials use different section lines
LINE TYPESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
6. Extension Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Extend from objects – Used for dimensioning
7. Dimension Lines:– MEDIUM WEIGHT– Used for dimensioning– Go between extension lines
LINE TYPESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
CLAS
S S
TAN
DAR
DS
• 2 things are needed to describe an object completely:
– Shape – Size
• Dimensioning: Size description– Units are required– Decimal or Fraction– Dimensions read from bottom or right side
• Include:– Extension line: begin 1/16” away from object and extend
1/16” beyond Dimension Line– Dimension line: use arrowheads, guidelines, and LETTER
DIMENSIONING
PREFERRED
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-11
• Objects to be drawn may be small – Nanotechnology machine parts, for example
• Objects to be drawn may be big– Buildings, bridges, airliners, oil rigs, trucks, cars
• Full Scale drawings will not always fit on a sheet of paper
• Scale down or scale up ½” = 1’-0” ¼” = 1’-0” 1” = 14’-0”
• Scale must be indicated in your title block• Architect’s Scale, Engineer’s Scale, Metric Scale
make scaling drawings simpler.
SCALESCL
ASS
STA
ND
ARD
S
1. Add width of front view to width of right view (depth).
2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”
4.5” + 2” = 6.5”
HORIZONTAL STARTING POINT
6.5” + 1.5” = 8”
3. Subtract from the total width.10” – 8” = 2”
4. Divide by 2.Horizontal Starting Point = 1”
1. Add height of front view to height of top view (depth).
2. Add the space we will put between: 1.5”
3” + 2” = 5”
VERTICAL STARTING POINT
5” + 1.5” = 6.5”
3. Subtract from the total height.7.25” – 6.5” = .75” = 3/4”
4. Divide by 2.Vertical Starting Point = .375” = 3/8”
Vertical Starting Point is 7/8”
Horizontal Starting Point = 1”
review
Thursday’s TestYou will be given the sheet below, including the
border and title block. 1. Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2. Complete title block3. Calculate starting point (vertical and horizontal) – NO
CALCULATOR ALLOWED
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-18
• Isometrics are drawn with:– All object vertical lines are vertical– All object horizontal lines are drawn 30 degrees
from the horizontal– All lines are drawn true size
DRAWING ISOMETRICSTe
chni
cal G
raph
ic C
omm
unic
ation
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-18
• One of the most effective ways to sketch an object pictorially is to sketch it in isometric.1. Start by sketching an enclosing box (absolute
height, width, depth) – Construction Lines2. Add in features3. Darken all final lines
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onDRAWING ISOMETRICS
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-18
• Front view is typically drawn first• You must look at all views
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onISOMETRICS from ORTHOGRAPHICS
Let each grid space = ½”
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-21
1. Describe an isometric view2. Prepare drawing paper3. Locate center of drawing space4. Plot starting point of drawing5. Complete isometric drawing
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
on
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-21
1. Describe an isometric view1. Height2. Width 3. Depth
(of the front view)
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onDRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
2. Prepare drawing paper3. Locate center of drawing space
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
onDRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
45 degree triangle
Construction Lines
4. Plot starting point of drawing
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
on
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
30-60-90 triangle
1) ½ W2) ½ D3) ½ H
Starting Point
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-21
5. Complete isometric drawing
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
on
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
Starting Point
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING2-21
Tech
nica
l Gra
phic
Com
mun
icati
on
DRAFTING ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS
review
Thursday’s TestYou will be given the sheet below, including the
border, title block, and isometric guidelines. 1. Draw lettering guidelines 1/16” 2. Complete title block3. Calculate starting point
1. Draw “X” across drawing space2. Pick the nearest intersection3. Measure down to right ½ width4. Measure down to left ½ depth5. Measure straight down ½ height
4. Each grid space = ¼”
IOT
POLY ENGINEERING