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ENGLISH GRAMMAR
ModuleII
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Module II Noun Pronoun Adjective Adverb Preposition Article
Short Answers/ Fill up the bl n!s N rr tion
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"e#initions
o Noun $A noun is word th t n %es person& object& ide & or pl ce'
o Pronoun $A pronoun t !es the pl ce o# noun or nother pronoun& s vin( the
need to write the s %e word twice'
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WHAT ARE NOUNS?
Nouns are naming words.They name people, places and o !ec"s.They can also name ideas, emo"ions,#uali"ies and ac"i$i"ies.Here are some e%amples o& nouns'(e"er, Eli)a e"h, dri$er, sis"er, &riend.*ris"ol, Se$ern, *ra)il, pen, dog,money.+o$e, eau"y, indus"ry, na"ure, greed,pain.
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Types of noun
All nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns.
Common nouns can then be dividedinto coun"a le and uncoun"a le nouns.Both countable and uncountable nouns
can then be further divided intoconcre"e and a s"rac" nouns.Well look at each type in turn.
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First& loo! ( in t those t)pes
nd how the) rel te'
nouns
proper
common
countable
uncountable
abstract
concrete
abstract
concrete
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.o%%on nd Proper Nouns.o%%on nd Proper Nouns
AA COMMON NOUNCOMMON NOUN n %es (ener l person&n %es (ener l person&pl ce& thin(& or ide ' .o%%on nouns be(inpl ce& thin(& or ide ' .o%%on nouns be(in
with lowerc se letter& unless #ound t the with lowerc se letter& unless #ound t the
be(innin( o# sentence or p rt o# title'be(innin( o# sentence or p rt o# title'
AA PROPER NOUNPROPER NOUN n %es speci#ic person&n %es speci#ic person&pl ce& thin(& or ide ' Proper nouns be(in withpl ce& thin(& or ide ' Proper nouns be(in with
c pit l letter' c pit l letter'
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Proper nounsProper nouns start with capital letters.
They are the names of people, places,times, or anisations etc.
They refer to uni!ue individuals."ost are not found in the dictionary.
They often occur in pairs or roups.
#ere are some e$amples.
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Tony Blair
%in #enry
Brid et &ones
Christmas
China
Thames
%eynsham
'ony
Coca Cola
"acbeth
President Bush
The &am
Coronation 'treet
'aturn
Carly
&ohn
Portu al
The (ord "otor Company
)$fam
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Common nounsAll nouns which are not proper nounsare common nouns.A few e$amples* cup, art, paper, work,fro , bicycle, atom, family, mind.Common nouns are either countable oruncountable .
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.o%%on nd Proper Noun E %ples.o%%on nd Proper Noun E %ples
.o%%on Nouns.o%%on Nouns Proper NounsPr oper Nounsbo)bo) A% rA% r(irl(irl AlishAlish
cit)cit) .henn i.henn i( %e( %e Monopol)Monopol)co%p n)co%p n) Ni!eNi!ecountr)countr) 0 p n0 p n
schoolschool 1endri) 2id) l )1endri) 2id) l )
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Countable nouns
+se these tests for countable nouns*Countable or -ust count/0 nouns can be
made plural* a tree1 two trees2 a man1men2 a pony1 ponies.3n the sin ular, they may have thedeterminer a or an * a sausa e2 an asterisk.
We ask* #ow many words4pa es4chairs5 We say* A few minutes4friends4chips5
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+ncountable nouns
+se these tests for uncountable nouns*+ncountable or non6count0 nouns cannot be
made plural. We cannot say* two funs, threeadvices or 7ve furnitures .We never use a or an with them.We ask* #ow much money4time4milk5
8ot #ow many5 0We say* A little help4e9ort. 8ot A few. 0
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:ual cate ory nouns; 'ome nouns may be countable or
uncountable, dependin on how we usethem.
; We buy a bo$ of chocolates countable0 or abar of chocolate uncountable0.
; We ask* # ow much time5 but #ow manytimes5 where times < occasions 0.
; We sit in front of a television set0 to watchtelevision broadcastin 0.
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(ield6speci7c nouns
; +ncountable nouns are often turned intocountable nouns by specialists in aparticular 7eld.They become part of the
-ar on of that specialism.; =rass is usually uncountable but botanists
and ardeners talk about rasses.; >in uists sometimes talk about ?n lishes .
; (inanciers refer to moneys or even monies .; Teas may be used to mean types of tea.
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@emember that both countable anduncountable nouns can be divided intoconcrete and abstract nouns.
The distinction between concrete andabstract nouns is the most important one ofall when you are analysin lin uistic data. Alot of abstract nouns in a te$t will have a biimpact on its re ister.
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.oncrete nd Abstr ct Nouns.oncrete nd Abstr ct Nouns
AA CONCRETE NOUNCONCRETE NOUN n %es so%ethin( th tn %es so%ethin( th tc n be seen& he rd& s%elled& touched orc n be seen& he rd& s%elled& touched ort sted' E(3 shoe& c r& per#u%e& thorn etc''t sted' E(3 shoe& c r& per#u%e& thorn etc''
AnAn ABSTRACT NOUNABSTRACT NOUN n %es n ide & 4u lit)n %es n ide & 4u lit)
or ch r cteristic' E(3 Si%plicit)& be ut)& truth&or ch r cteristic' E(3 Si%plicit)& be ut)& truth&intention'intention'
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Concrete nouns
; Concrete nouns are the words that mostpeople think of as nouns.
; They are mostly the names of ob-ects andanimals countable0 and substances ormaterials uncountable0.
; Cake, o$y en, iron, boy, do , pen, lass,
pome ranate, earthworm and door are allconcrete nouns.
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Abstract nouns
; Abstract nouns name ideas, feelin sand !ualities.
; "ost, thou h not all, are uncountable.; "any are derived from ad-ectives andverbs and have characteristic endin ssuch as ity, 6ness, 6ence, and 6tion.
; They are harder to reco nise as nounsthan the concrete variety.
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Abstract noun or ad-ective
; ou wont confuse abstract nouns withad-ectives, as lon as you apply a fewtests.
; #appy is an ad-ective. 3t behaves likeone* very happy2 so happy2 happier2 ashappy as
; #appiness behaves like a noun* Thehappiness 3 feel2 her happiness2 reathappiness.
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A few more e$amples
er or ad!ec"i$e A s"rac" noun
We were di9erent from eachother.
The di9erence between us.
"y work is precise . 3 work with precision .
The air is pure . The purity of the air.
3 composed this tune. This tune is my composition .
3t is so beautiful . 3t has such beauty .
ou support me. The support you ive me.
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Sin(ul r nd Plur l NounsSin(ul r nd Plur l Nouns
AA singular nounsi ngular noun n %es 5NE person& pl ce& thin(&n %es 5NE person& pl ce& thin(&or ide 'or ide '
AA plural nounplural noun n %es %ore th n one person&n %es %ore th n one person&pl ce& thin(& or ide 'pl ce& thin(& or ide '
Most nouns reMost nouns re commoncommon nouns nd be(in with nouns nd be(in with lowerc se letter'E(3 ch r cter& holid )lowerc se letter'E(3 ch r cter& holid )
Proper nouns n %e speci#ic people& objects& ide s&or pl ces' 6he) be(in with c pit l letters'E(3 "honi& .hrist% s
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For%in( Plur l Nouns
o Most nouns dd s to #or% the plur l(irl s
o
Nouns th t end in s &-s s&-sh &-ch &-x & or z & ddes to #or% the plur lchurch es
o So%e nouns h ve irre(ul r plur ls3deer deerchild childrenli#e lives
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7 )s to M !e Noun Plur l7 )s to M !e Noun Plur l
Endin(Endin( RuleRuleAdd 8sAdd 8s Most words will onl) re4uire ddin( n s to the end 9 dd 8sMost words will onl) re4uire ddin( n s to the end 9 dd 8s
to words th t end in vowel:)& such s %on!e)s;to words th t end in vowel:)& such s %on!e)s;
Add :esAdd :es Add 8es to words th n end in 8s& : & :ch& :< 9double children& %en& %ice& (eese.h n(e> children& %en& %ice& (eese
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.ollective Noun.ollective Noun
Re#ers to (roup o# people or thin(s'
Even when collective noun is sin(ul r in #or% it still re#ers to (roup o# individu ls'
E %ples3 herd& # %il)& school& crew& te % nd st ##
6he herd 9unit; runs w ) s we (et close'
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.ollective Noun.ollective Noun
A cl ss o# students'
An r%) o# soldiers'
A choir o# sin(ers'
A crew o# s ilors'
A b nd o# %usici ns'
A bunch o# croo!s'
A crowd o# people/spect tors'A ( n( o# thieves'
A (roup o# d ncers'
A te % o# pl )ers'
A troupe o# rtists/d ncers'
A p c! o# thieves'
A st ## o# e%plo)ees'
A re(i%ent o# soldiers'
A tribe o# n tives'
An udience o# listeners'
A p nel o# e perts'A ( n( o# l bourers'
A #loc! o# tourists'
A bo rd o# directors'
6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under the c te(or) o# people'
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.ollective Noun.ollective Noun6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under #or ni% ls'
A c tch/school o# #ish'An r%) o# nts'
A #li(ht o# birds'
A #loc! o# birds'
A h ul o# #ish'
A #loc! o# sheep'
A herd o#
deer/c ttle/eleph nts/(o ts/bu## loes'
A hive o# bees'
A litter o# cubs'
A host o# sp rrows'
A te % o# horses'A troop o# lions'
A
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.ollective Noun.ollective Noun6hese collective nouns re co%%onl) used under #or thin(s'
A (roup o# isl nds'A ( l ) o# st rs'
A w d o# notes'
A #orest o# trees'
A st c! o# wood'
A #leet o# ships'
A strin( o# pe rls'
An lbu% o# st %ps/uto(r phs/photo(r phs'
A hed(e o# bushes'
A libr r) o# boo!s'
A b s!et o# #ruit'
A bowl o# rice'
A p c! o# c rds'
A p ir o# shoes'A bou4uet o# #lowers'
A bunch o# !e)s'
A chest o# dr wers'
A p c! o# lies'
A r n(e o# %ount ins'
A cloud o# dust'
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.o%pund Noun.o%pund Noun
For%ed #ro% two or %ore words' So%e re written ssin(le words& so%e re h)phen ted nd so%e ssep r te'
5ne word3 toothbrush& b c!p c!& w ter%elon'
H)phen ted word3 sel#:!nowled(e& sister:in:l w'
Sep r te word3 South . rolin & 6 jM h l'
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Possessive NounsPossessive Nouns
Possessive nouns re nouns th t showPossessive nouns re nouns th t showownership'ownership'
Possessive nouns c n be sin(ul r or plur lPossessive nouns c n be sin(ul r or plur lpossessive'possessive'
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Plur l Possessive NounsPlur l Possessive Nouns
For plur l nouns th t end in 8s& )ou onl) needFor plur l nouns th t end in 8s& )ou onl) needto dd n postrophe'to dd n postrophe'
:6he #our c ts@ t ils were swin(in( in unison s:6he #our c ts@ t ils were swin(in( in unison sthe) loun(ed on the b c! o# the couch'the) loun(ed on the b c! o# the couch'
:All o# the pl )ers@ hel%ets were st c!ed in the:All o# the pl )ers@ hel%ets were st c!ed in thecorner'corner'
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Plur l Possessive NounsPlur l Possessive Nouns
For plur l nouns th t do not end in 8s& )ou ddFor plur l nouns th t do not end in 8s& )ou dd?s to % !e the plur l possessive'?s to % !e the plur l possessive'
:E %ple3 6he children@s co ts were pl ced in:E %ple3 6he children@s co ts were pl ced inthe co t roo%'the co t roo%'
:E %ple3 6he %en@s restroo% w s loc ted in:E %ple3 6he %en@s restroo% w s loc ted in
the b c! o# the rest ur nt'the b c! o# the rest ur nt':E %ple3 6he people@s opinions were % de:E %ple3 6he people@s opinions were % de
!nown t the protest'!nown t the protest'
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#ave you met my teacher5
'he is always lookin over myshoulder.
Pronouns
Pronouns take the place of nouns.
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Pronouns nd Antecedents
o Antece!ent 3 6he ntecedent is the word 9 noun; thepronoun repl ces'
o Sam an! #ee h d lunch to(ether' T e$ were l te #orcl ss'
o 6on)@s paper w s re ll) (ood' %t w s the best in thecl ss'
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PR5N5 NS3 6he S)ste%
'ub-ective )b-ective Possessive
'in ular Plural 'in ular Plural 'in ular Plural
st person 3 we me us my our
Dnd person you you you you your your
Erd person he
sheit
theyhimherit
themhisherits
their
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First Rule to Re%e%ber
o A pronoun %ust (ree with its ntecedent 9the noun it re#ersto; in nu%ber nd (ender'
o A student who wor!s h rd will #ind their h rd wor! isrew rded'
o Students who wor! h rd will #ind their h rd wor! isrew rded'
F
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PR5N5 NS3 6ip B+
These are all sin ular, so they must be matched withsin ular pronounsG
o :id e$eryone 7nish "heir test5
o :id everyone 7nish his or her test5
N5
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Second Rule to Re%e%ber
o Pronouns %ust re#er cle rl) to one nd onl) one ntecedent'
o Cill c lled to 6o% s e w s le vin('
o Cill c lled to 6o% s Tom w s le vin('
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PR5N5 NS3 6ip BD
o Eli%in te v (ue nd unnecess r) pronouns to % !e )oursentences %ore concise'
o In the colle(e c t lo( it h s ll the re4uired courses #or(r du tion'
o 6he colle(e c t lo( h s ll the re4uired courses #or(r du tion'
FF
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PR5N5 NS3 6ip B,
o 6o decide which pronoun is correct in co%pound& drop oneo# the words nd see i# wh t@s le#t sounds correct'
o E %ple3
o She listened c re#ull) to Sara an! % 'o She listened c re#ull) to %'
o She listened c re#ull) to me '
o She listened c re#ull) to Sara an! me '
NO
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Re#le ive nd Intensive Pronouns
o Alw )s end in -self 9sin(ul r; or -selves 9plur l;
o &e % de oursel'es so%e popcorn'
o % m$sel" pre#er pot to chips'
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PR5N5 NS3 6ip B-
o "on@t use re#le ive or intensive pronouns lone the) c nonl) be used when p ired with their ntecedents'
o Ple se send the report to m$sel" s soon s possible'
o Ple se send the report to me s soon s possible'
NO
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Pronouns correctl) p ired with ntecedents
o Re#le ive pronoun p ired with ntecedent3o He % de imsel" !eep up with the re din( #ter the
%idter%'
o Intensive pronoun p ired with ntecedent3o 6he instructor s id th t s e ersel" h d to w tch out #or
spellin( errors'
& at is a Pronoun (
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& at is a Pronoun (
A pronoun is word th t is used in pl ce o# noun or notherpronoun'
Li!e noun& pronoun c n re#er to person& pl ce& thin(& oride '
6he word th t pronoun re#ers to is c lled its ntecedent' For E %ple3
M ri w s lost' She didn@t p nic'
She chec!ed the #l shli(ht ' It still wor!ed'
#ist o" Personal Pronouns )
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#ist o Personal Pronouns )T$pe o" Pronoun Subject Object Possessi'e
Singular*irst PersonSecon! PersonT ir! Person
I)ou
he& she& it
%e)ou
hi%& her& it
%)& %ine)our& )ours
his& her&hers& its
Plural*irst PersonSecon! PersonT ir! Person
we)outhe)
us)outhe%
our& ours)our& )ourstheir& theirs
& at is a Possessive Pronoun (
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& at is a Possessive Pronoun (
A possessive pronoun is person l pronoun usedto show ownership or rel tionship'
Singular Pluralm$+ mine$our+ $ours
er+ ers+ is+ its
our& ours)our& )ourstheir& theirs
To be continue!)
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To be continue!)
6he possessive pronouns my, your, her, his, its, our, nd their co%e be#ore nouns'
For E %ple3 6he do( pric!ed up its little e rs ' ,o-ners ip.
It s w the bo) nd he rd his loud cr) #or help' ,relations ip.
6he owner nd his best #riend c %e to the rescue' ,relations ip.
Pronouns can be tric/$000
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Pronouns can be tric/$000
So%e possessive pronouns sound li!econtr ctions 9its/it@s& )our/)ou@re& their/the)@re;'
Re%e%ber& possessi'e pronoun ne'er h s napostrop e '
A contraction & however&al-a$s h s n
apostrop e '
& at is an Interrogative Pronoun (
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& at is an Interrogative Pronoun (
An interro( tive pronoun is used to introduce 4uestion'
6he interro( tive pronouns re who, whom, what, which, nd whose '
For E %ple37ho used up ll the w ter (7hose cup is this (
& o is who an! - at is whom (
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& o is who an! at is whom (
Who is lw )s used s subject or predic te pronoun 'For E %ple3
Subject3 7ho c lled the power co%p n)Predic te Pronoun3 6he electrici n is who
Whom is lw )s used s n object 'For E %ple3
"irect 5bject3 7ho% did )ou c llIndirect 5bject3 ou ( ve who% %) nu%ber
5bject o# the Preposition3 6o who% did )ou spe !
C ec/ "or un!erstan!ing)
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C ec/ or un!erstan!ing)
"irections3 .o%plete e ch sentence with who or who%'+' told )ou bout our pl nsD' 6he person I c lled is %) sister,' did Ar% ndo send #or-' re those wo%en
' h ve the people elected
C ec/ $our -or/)
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C ec/ $our or/)
+' 7ho told )ou bout our pl nsD' 6he person who% I c lled is %) sister',' 7ho% did Ar% ndo send #or
-' 7ho re those wo%en' 7ho% h ve the people elected
& at is a Demonstrative Pronoun (
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& at is a Demonstrative Pronoun (
A de%onstr tive pronoun points out person&pl ce& thin(& or ide '
6he de%onstr tive pronouns: this, that, these, ndthose : re used lone in sentences'
For E %ple36h t is circuit bre !er'6his is our e%er(enc) shelter'
6hose re electric l ppli nces'6hese re bottles o# w ter'
Are $ou "ar sig te! or near sig te!(
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$ g g (
This nd these point out people or thin(s th t rene r '
That nd those point out people or thin(s th t re# r w ) '
Ne'er use here or there with de%onstr tivepronoun' 6he pronoun lre d) tells which one orones'
& at is a Reflexive Pronoun (
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& at is a e e ve o ou (
A pronoun th t ends in sel# or selves is re#le ive pronoun3myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, herself, himself, itself,
nd themselves ' A re#le ive pronoun re#ers to the subject nd directs the ction o#
the verb b c! to the subject' A re#le ive pronoun is lw )s n object 9never subject; in
sentence' Re#le ive pronouns re necess r) to the %e nin( o# sentence' For E %ple3
6he . rson # %il) tried to li#t the%selves out o# povert)'
Cen . rson dedic ted hi%sel# to beco%in( doctor'
.hec! )our wor!=
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)
A ch %eleon c n (ive itsel# t st) %e ls o# unsuspectin(insects' 9indirect object;
I wish I could cl i% so%e o# its %
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(
An inde#inite pronoun does not re#er to speci#icperson& pl ce& thin(& or ide '
Inde#inite pronouns o#ten do not h ve ntecedents' For E %ple3
Nothin( l sts #orever'An)one c n % !e ti%e c psule'
#ist o" Indefinite Pronouns )
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)
Singular Plural Singular orPlural
anot er mucan$bo!$ neit eran$one nobo!$
an$t ing no oneeac not ingeit er onee'er$bo!$ somebo!$e'er$one someone
e'er$t ing somet ing
both#ew% n)
sever l
lln)
%ost
noneso%e
.hec! )our wor!=
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)
Coth wor!ed h rd' Let e ch help decor te' Sever l h ve c lled bout the job' Ever)one w s deli(hted t our p rt)' I thin! so%eone #or(ot this swe ter' H s n)one seen %) w llet 5ne is bsent'
A "0 E . 6I 2 E S
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5bjectivesIdenti#) li%itin(& descriptive& possessive& proper&
nd de%onstr tive djectives in sentences'
se the rticles a, an, nd the correctl)'
H)phen te co%pound djectives whenppropri te'
PP 1231a
continue!continue!
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5bjectives
PP 1231b
continue!continue!
se the positive& co%p r tive& nd superl tivede(rees o# djectives correctl)'Identi#) nouns %odi#ied b) djectives& djectivephr ses& nd djective cl uses'
"eter%ine the correct us (e o# co%%onl)%isused djectives'
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A!jecti'e
PP 1232a
An djective is word th t %odi#ies 9describes; noun or pronoun'Sever l djectives o#ten ppe r in one sentence'More th n one djective % ) describe the s %enoun or pronoun'
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A!jecti'e
PP 1232b
An djective nswers these 4uestions3
7h t !ind green, old, round, strong7hich one this, that, these, those How % n) two, few, 300, two-thirds, all, some
7hose hers, Marias, companies
continue!continue!
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#imiting A!jecti'es
PP 1234
Indic te how many 5M ) be nu%bers or words'
We must wait six wee s for the new chairs!"isa charges a $200 consulting fee!
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6escripti'e A!jecti'esBe"ore Nouns
PP 1237
Answer the 4uestion What ind!su ll) precede nouns or #ollow lin!in( verbs'
Are pl ced s closel) s possible to the noun orpronoun the) %odi#)'
We re#uest sealed $ids for the wor station estimates!"a# disorders may result from oor posture!
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6escripti'e A!jecti'esA"ter #in/ing 8erbs
PP 1239
Modi#) nouns or pronouns used s subjects'Act s co%ple%ents 9predic te djectives;'
%roper office lighting is im ortant !&he noise in this office seems ex#essive !
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Possessi'e A!jecti'es
PP 123:
Possessive pronouns such s my , her , his , your , its ,our #unction s djectives'
'ou should use a ey$oard that meets your needs!(e li ed his chair at wor so much that he $ought one for his home office!Ri#hard%s degree is in mar eting!
Modi#) noun or pronoun' Answer the 4uestion whose )
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Proper A!jecti'es
PP 123;
Proper a!jecti'es re proper nouns or words derived #ro%proper nouns th t #unction s djectives' 6he) nswer the
4uestion whi#h )
We selected the Italian des lamps!
. pit li
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6emonstrati'e A!jecti'es
PP 123
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=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n
PP 123>a
6he initi l sound 9not the #irst letter; o# the word th t#ollows n rticle deter%ines whether )ou will use a oran '
se a be#ore words be(innin( with conson nt sound'
a chair a des a telephone
se a be#ore words be(innin( with the lon( sound o# u '
a university a union a uniform
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=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n
PP 123>b
se an be#ore words be(innin( with the vowel sounds a, e, i,o, nd the short sound o# u !
an asset an outcomean unfortunate accident an estimate
se an be#ore words be(innin( with silent '
an honest sales staff an hour agoan honor
continue!continue!
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T e Article The
PP 1231?
se with sin(ul r or plur l nouns'Pl ce be#ore n) other djective when two or %ore
djectives precede noun'
&a e short rest $rea s throughout the day!The indoor air #uality of the $uilding is excellent!The most well- nown category of &. is carpal tunnelsyndrome!
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Compoun! A!jecti'es@H$p enate!Be"ore an! A"ter Nouns
PP 12311
So%e co%pound djective co%bin tions use h)phens when ppe rin( be#ore or #ter nouns or in otherloc tions in sentence'
&his wor -related in+ury could have $een prevented!&his office was descri$ed to me as fast- a#ed !
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Compoun! A!jecti'es@H$p enate!Onl$ Be"ore Nouns
PP 12312
So%e co%pound djective co%bin tions use h)phen whenppe rin( be#ore noun'
&his well- nown furniture company is the one weselected!
7hen these co%bin tions ppe r in other loc tions in sentence& the) do not re4uire h)phens'
We selected this furniture company $ecause it is wellnown !
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Common Compoun! A!jecti'es
PP 12314
"o not use h)phen when n djective plus nounco%bin tion is widel) reco(ni
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Nouns -it Numbers
PP 12317
se h)phen to connect nu%ber 9words or #i(ures;nd noun to #or% co%pound djective be#ore noun'
(-foot wor station )*- ound o$+ect
"o not use h)phen when the e pression consistin( o#
nu%ber nd noun #ollows the noun' wor station that is ( feet n o$+ect that is )* ounds
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Numerical Compoun! A!jecti'es
PP 12319
se h)phens in the nu%bers between D+ nd JJ when the nu%bers re written s words'
+ighty-two out of one hundred adults will suffer $ac pro$lems at some point in their lives!/ur note to the $an is for s!31,133 2 Thirty-five
thousand five hundred thirty-three rupees !
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Series o" Compoun! A!jecti'es
PP 1231:
se h)phen in series o# co%pound djectiveseven thou(h the b se noun does not #ollow e ch
djective'
re you a$le to lift )*-, 20-, or 0- ound o$+ects)We had an opportunity to choose (-, -, or .-foot
wor stations!
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Sel" &or!s
PP 1231;
se h)phen when self is connected to nother word to #or% co%pound djective'
self-confidenceself-reliant self-fulfilling
self-worth
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Positi'e 6egree
PP 1231
se the co%p r tive de(ree to co%p re twopeople& pl ces& ide s& 4u lities& or thin(s'
$righter color taller $uilding#uieter printer higher $id
&his tur#uoise fa$ric is a /righter color than the gray
fa$ric!4ran lin /ffice 4urniture su$mitted a higher $id on thecomputer chairs than incon 4urniture!
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Superlati'e 6egree
PP 1232?
se the superl tive de(ree to co%p re %ore th ntwo persons& pl ces& or thin(s'
$rightest color tallest $uilding#uietest printer highest $id
&his tur#uoise fa$ric is the /rightest color of all the
fa$ric samples!4ran lin /ffice 4urniture su$mitted the highest $id of allthe vendors!
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=ui!elines "or One3S$llable A!jecti'es
PP 12321a
Add er to the positive #or% #or its co%p r tivede(ree' cool 5 er 6 cooler
tall 5 er 6 taller old 5 er 6 older
safe 5 er 6 safer high 5 er 6 higher clean 5 er 6 cleaner
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=ui!elines "or One3S$llable A!jecti'es
PP 12321b
Add est to the positive #or% #or its superl tivede(ree' cool 5 est 6 coolest
tall 5 est 6 tallest old 5 est 6 oldest
safe 5 est 6 safest high 5 est 6 highest clean 5 est 6 cleanest
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=ui!elines "or T-o3S$llable A!jecti'es
PP 12322
Add er or dd more or less to the positive #or% #or its co%p r tivede(ree'Add est or dd most or least to the positive #or% #or its superl tivede(ree'
Positi'e Comparati'e Superlati'e
n rrow n rrower or %ore n rrow n rrowest or %ostn rrow
4uiet 4uieter or %ore 4uiet 4uietest or %ost 4uiet
si%ple si%pler si%plest
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=ui!elines "or T ree3S$llable A!jecti'es
PP 12324a
Add the words more or less be#ore the positive#or% #or its co%p r tive de(ree'Add the words most or least be#ore the positive#or% #or its superl tive de(ree'
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=ui!elines "or T ree3S$llableA!jecti'es
PP 12324b
continue!continue!
Positi'e Comparati'e Superlati'ettr ctive %ore ttr ctive %ost ttr ctive
essenti l %ore essenti l %ost essenti l
e##icient less e##icient le st e##icient
co%plic ted less co%plic ted le st co%plic ted
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&or!s En!ing in y
PP 12327
.h n(e the y to i nd dd er or est to #or% theco%p r tive nd superl tive de(rees'
Positi'e Comparati'e Superlati'e
#riendl) #riendlier #riendliest
bus) busier busiest
he v) he vier he viest
h pp) h ppier h ppiest
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Special *orms
PP 12329
So%e irre(ul r djectives ch n(e #or%s in theirco%p r tive nd superl tive #or%s'
Positi'e Comparati'e Superlati'e
(ood better best
b d worse worst
little less& lesser littlest& le st
% n) %ore %ost
%uch %ore %ost
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Absolute A!jecti'es
PP 1232:
E presses the hi(hest de(ree'
circul r hori
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A!jecti'e Clauses
PP 1232;a
se who &whose &whi#h & ndthat to connect to thenoun or pronoun th t is %odi#ied'
Pl ce n djective cl use i%%edi tel) #ter the noun th tis described'
se co%% s to set side the cl use when it does notdd to the %e nin( o# the sentence 9nonrestrictive
cl use; nd do not use co%% s when the cl use isnecess r) to the %e nin( o# the sentence 9restrictive;'
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A!jecti'e Clauses
PP 1232;b
E %ple o# nonrestrictive cl use
continue!continue!
&he firms main office, whi#h is in outh 1arolina, compiledstatistics on wor place in+uries!
E %ples o# restrictive cl uses
Wor ers who must re eat the same motion throughoutthe day are most li ely to develop *7s!*everal We$sites that I dis#overed provide excellentinformation a$out ergonomics!
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A!jecti'e P rases
PP 1232a
6he initi l sound 9not the #irst letter; o# the word th t#ollows n rticle deter%ines whether )ou will use a or
an '
se a be#ore words be(innin( with conson nt sound'
a chair a des a telephone
se a be#ore words be(innin( with the lon( sound o# u 'a university a union a uniform
i !ti !
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=ui!elines "or Using ' or 'n
PP 123>b
se an be#ore words be(innin( with the vowel sounds a, e, i,o, nd the short sound o# u !
an asset an outcomean unfortunate accident an estimate
se an be#ore words be(innin( with silent '
an honest sales staff an hour agoan honor
continue!continue!
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T e Article The
PP 1231?
se with sin(ul r or plur l nouns'Pl ce be#ore n) other djective when two or %ore
djectives precede noun'
&a e short rest $rea s throughout the day!The indoor air #uality of the $uilding is excellent!
The most well- nown category of &. is carpal tunnelsyndrome!
uanti"iers 3 SOME D AN7e use some nd any with both count ble nd
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yuncount ble nouns'
ome is used in ##ir% tive sentences'7 need to $uy some $read!&here are some apples in the itchen!
'ny is used in both ne( tive sentences nd 4uestions'7 dont have any pen to use!.o you have any pen you can lend me)
uanti"iers 3 SOME D NO D AN
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7e c n use some in 4uestions which re o##ers orre4uests'
Would you li e some coffee)
NO D AN 7e use no #ter n ##ir% tive verb nd any #ter
ne( tive verb'&here is no mil left!
&here isnt any mil left!
SOMEBO6 D AN BO6 D NOBO6 DE8ER BO6
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PE5PLE 6HINGS PLA.ES
F some$ody someone
something somewhere
3 not any$ody not anyoneno$ody no one
not anythingnothing
not anywherenowhere
( any$ody anyone
anything anywhere
MUCH D MAN D A #OT O* D A *E& D A #%TT#E
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7e use a lot of 4 lots of with both count blend uncount ble nouns'
7 have lots of good movies to see!
7 spend a lot of time watching &;!
7e use mu#h nd a little onl) with
MUCH D MAN D A #OT O* D A *E& D A #%TT#E
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uncount ble nouns'7 dont have mu#h money to go out today '7 thin 7 need a little help!
7e use many nd a few onl) with count blenouns'*he has many nice color pens!
&here are a few students who didnt do thehomewor !
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E%ample
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He pl )ed(uit rs!ill#ull)'
He pl )ed(uit rdre d#ull)'
He pl )ed(uit rp ssion tel)'
ea"ures o& Ad$er s
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+' M n) dverbs end in ly D' Adverbs %odi#),' Pl ce%ent o# dverbs
-' Adverbs nd co%p risons
/01 2any ad$er s end in 3ly
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M n) dverbs re #or%ed b) ddin( ly to ndjective' E 3 love l) & u(l) & s dl) & h ppil) & brie#l) & e sil) &
tru l)'
7 rnin( 3-ly endin( does not (u r ntee wordis n djective
Adjective -ly Endin( Adverb
Kuiet l) > Kuietl)
HOW?4s or was i" done?
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Rules bout dverbs3+' se dverbs sp rin(l) b/se the) c use wordiness
nd w!w rdnessD' Cew re o# words endin( in ly th t re not
dverbs E %ples3 lovel)& lonel)& (h stl)& nd worldl) 6hese e %ples do not nswer the 4uestion H57 6hese e %ples re re ll) djectives
,' Alw )s (o b c! to the H57 Rule
H57 Is/w s it done
/51 Ad$er s 2odi&y
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7hen )ou use n dverb& )ou%odi#) or ch n(e the %e nin( o# verb& n djective& or nother verb'
Modi#) verb E 3 Good drivers turn the corner slowl) '
Modi#) djective E 3 Re ll) (ood drivers turn th t corner
slowl) Modi#) dverb
E 3 Good drivers turn th t corner ver) slowl)
/61 (lacemen" o& Ad$er s Adverbs %odi#)in( verbs c n usually be %oved round in
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) ( ysentence w/out ch n(in( the %e nin('
Ce#ore verb E 3 6he c r i%%edi tel) stopped'
A#ter verb
E 3 6he c r stopped i%%edi tel) ' Adverbs th t %odi#) djectives or other dverbs $elong
right in the front of the words they modify! Ce#ore djective
E 3 6h t@s ne tre%el) d n(erous corner #or bic)cle
riders' Ce#ore dverb
E 3 6he c r turned the corner re ll) 4uic!l)'
/71 Ad$er s and 8omparisons
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Re(ul r dverbsF st F ster F stest
E rl) E rlier E rliest
R pidl) More r pidl) Most r pidl)
E sil) More e sil) Most e sil)
Irre(ul r dverbsC dl) 7orse 7orst
F r F rther F rthest
7ell Cetter Cest
8on&using ad$er pairs
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E %ples3 Her test results were (ood'
9 djective lin!ed to results ; She did well on her test'9 dverb %odi#)in( verb did ;
Adverb 7ell C dl) Re ll) Surel)
Adjective Good C d Re l Sure
T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an!"unctions A!'erbs usuall$ eGpress a relation o" place+time+ manner+ number or !egree -it t e 'erb 5
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& en a!'erbs ans-er t e uestion I&HERE(I t e$eGpress a relation o" P#ACE J here, there, inside, outside, everywhere,southward
& en a!'erbs ans-er t e uestion I&HEN(I t e$eGpress a relation o" T%MEJ after, /efore, sin#e, already, soon, then, now
& en a!'erbs ans-er t e uestion IHO&(I t e$eGpress a relation o" MANNER J hard, easily, loudly, 6ui# ly, silently, ha ily, sadly
& en a!'erbs ans-er t e uestion IHO& O*TEN(I
T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an!"unctions
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t e$ eGpress a relation o" NUMBER J always, never, seldom, fre6uently, on#e, twi#e,often
& en a!'erbs ans-er t e uestion ITO &HAT
EKTENT(I t e$ eGpress a relation o" 6E=REE J almost, also, only, very, enough, rather, too
A!'erbs ma$ also eGpress A**%RMAT%ON or6EN%A#
yes, no, not, #ertainly, ro/a/ly, erha s All UEST%ON -or!s are also a!'erbs5
how, why, where, when
E'entuall$0 T e a!'erbsL "unction T ea!'erb mo!i"ies a ver/ + an ad7e#tive +another
T e Meaning o" A!'erbs an!"unctions
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adver/ nd senten#e 5 E ' 8 T e ban! marc e! 6ui# ly to t e music5
96he dverb 6ui# ly %odi#ies the verb mar#hed ; E ' 8 T e ban! pla$e! very popular songs5
96he dverb very %odi#ies the djective o ular ; E ' 8 % it im right on is nose5
96he dverb right %odi#ies the preposition on ; E ' 8 T e$ li'e! nearly on t e top o" t e ill5
96he dverb nearly %odi#ies phr se on the to of thehill&;
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T e Position o" A!'erbsA&"er $er when i" modi9ed $er ' 6 The old woman walks slowly .* & d! "i$ h i" di9 d
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*e&ore ad!ec"i$e when i" modi9edad!ec"i$e'
6 'am is very stron .
*e&ore ad$er when i" modi9ed ad$er ' : The train is very fast.*e&ore sen"ence when i" modi9ed
sen"ence' : (ortunately , the weather stayed 7ne. 6 We probably wont et there in time.
*orms o" A!'erbs15 A!'erb o" Manner is usuall$ a!! -it l$
i / i /l$
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uic/ uic/l$ care"ul care"ull$ nois$ noisil$
"ull "ull$25 A!'erb as t e same -it A!jecti'e "ast+ ar!+ straig t+ lo-+ long+ enoug
45 A!jecti'e -it l$ manl$+ co-ar!l$+ brot erl$+ sill$+ li'el$+
lo'el$+ el!erl$+
A!'erb C allenge
H h # d b ( i i% & l
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Here re the #our dverbs c te(ories ti%e& pl ce% nner nd de(ree 3
$ester!a$ reall$ la il$ t ere soon o'er care"ull$ !ail$ ner'ousl$ scarcel$
urrie!l$ "or-ar! ere 'er$ e'er$- erealmost tomorro- ar!l$ be"ore brilliantl$
A!'erb C allenge
Ti Pl M 6 g
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Time,ans-ers - en. Place,ans-ers - ere. Manner,ans-ers o-. 6egree,ans-ers to - ateGtent.
ester!a$ O'er Hurrie!l$ Almost
T ereTomorro-
Soon
8er$
Har!l$
Brilliantl$
E'er$- ere Care"ull$
#a il$ Reall$
Ner'ousl$
Scarcel$
Here
*or-ar!
Be"ore
6ail$