Social Development & Social ChangeModule 1
Social Development: BackgroundModule 1.1
Development
The upward directional evolution of society towards greater levels of:EnergyEfficiencyQualityProductivityComplexityComprehensionCreativityChoiceMasteryEnjoymentAccomplishment
Growth vs. Development
Different phenomena, subject to different laws
Growth = expansion of existing types and forms of activities
Development = a qualitative enhancement
Social Development
Social development is driven by the subconscious aspirations of society
Society – and individuals –seek progressive fulfilment of a prioritized hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Energy and Breakthrough
1. Potential human energy restrained
Through cultural values, social beliefs, political structures and physical security
2. Stage of readiness of society
3. New opportunity or challenge
4. Expression of surplus energy
5. Organized activity
6. Potential to achieve change
7. Collective will (critical mass)
8. Social Change
Institutionalizing Change
Official structures
Legislation
Enforcement
Transmission by education
Cultural transmission by family
Learning & Application
Two related aspects to social development:
Learning/Discovery
– expands consciousness
Application
– provides understanding and recognition of ability to make change
Sources of Cultural Change
Invention– creating new ideas,
products, social patternsDiscovery
– finding something newDiffusion
– spreading ideas to other societies
Civil Society
Reflect the gap between aspirations and present reality
Large gap develops many organizations
Pivotal role in promoting change
Disenfranchisement leads to mobilization
Public policy discussion and education
Alliance building
Pioneers
Subconscious preparedness of society
Surplus energy
Give voice to society’s subconscious aspirations
Pioneers cont.
Levers/spearheads for collective advancementNew ideas, new skills, new activitiesBreaks out of existing moldAre agents for social changeIf society is ready
Multiplier Effect
If society is ready, the pioneer gains followers
Public awareness grows
Issue climbs up ‘hierarchy of needs’
Mass media interest
Other groups adopt issue
Critical mass
Be the Change!
Social Change Movements
Module 1.2
Definition
‘A social movement is a conscious, collective, organized attempt to bring about or resist large-scale change in the social order by non-institutionalized means.’
Types of Social Movement
Reform
Revolutionary
Resistance
Expressive
Seeks to change individuals through self-expression
Range of Change
•Alterative
•Redemptive
•Reformative
•Revolutionary
Dynamic of Social Movements
Initiating event
Spreading knowledge
Spreading activism
Mobilizing
Organizing
Stages of Social Movement
Social movements have a lifecycle, and move through various stages e.g.
Incipiency/birth
Coalescence
Institutionalization or
Fragmentation
Social Movement Stages
Social Movement Tactics
Social movement tactics include:
Negotiation
Direct action
Events/media stunts
Demonstrations
Propaganda
Strikes, boycotts, non-cooperation
Civil disobedience
Parallel structures
Inspiring Social Change Movements
Until justice rolls down like water…
and righteousness like a mighty stream. -Martin Luther King
Gandhi and Non-Violence
Gandhi developed philosophy of non-violent action, which spread worldwide
Inspirations: Tolstoy, Thoreau, Bhagavad-Gita etc.
Moral opposition to immorality
Passive resistance
Civil disobedience
Satyagraha (truth and firmness
or ‘soul force’)
Non-Violence
Six strategic steps:
Investigate
Negotiate
Educate
Demonstrate
Resist
Be patient
U.S. Civil Rights Movement
Movement for racial equality, which had two clear strands:
Reform
Southern Christian Leadership Council; Martin Luther King Jr.
Revolutionary
The Black Panthers, Malcolm X
Martin Luther King’s non-violent protest was the dominant force in the movement
He spent a month in India, studying Gandhi’s techniques
Martin Luther KingThe major principles of King’s non-
violence movement were:
Non-violence is a way of life for courageous people
Non-violence seeks to win friendship and understanding
Non-violence seeks to defeat injustices, not people
Non-violence holds that suffering for a cause can
educate and transform
Non-violence chooses love instead of hate
The universe is on the side of justice and right will
prevail
King’s TacticsSit-Ins
E.g. at ‘whites-only’ lunch counters
Freedom Riders
Riding segregated buses across the South
Demonstrations and Marches
Police tactics (dogs, horses, cattle prods) addedweight to the cause
Feminist Movement
Two main waves:
1st wave
Right to vote, own property,
divorce (to 1920)
2nd wave
Extension of civil rights – owning credit card,equal rights, equal pay, education, reproductiveand health rights, women in politics
Suffragettes
Movement started peacefully
Frustration led to direct action and radical tactics:
Abuse shouted from boats to Parliament
Politicians’ homes fire-bombed
Vandalizing Oxford Street in London
Burning churches
Golf courses vandalized
Famous chaining to railings
- Buckingham Palace
Suicide – under King’s horse
Environmental Movement
From late 19th century – ‘wilderness’ issues
1963 Rachel Carson’s ‘Silent Spring’
Crises: Toxic smogs (1950s and 60s)
1960s radical movement emerging
Youth from anti-war movement
Late 1970s new grassroots movement
Rise in range and number of groups
Rise in issues covered
Frameworks for Social Change Movements
Module 1.3
Advantages of Frameworks
They help us to: Conceptualize our day-to-day workUnderstand how campaigns and movements change over timeUnderstand stages of development, so we do not become disheartened or demotivated
Three Movement Stages
“Every great movement has to experience three stages:
Ridicule
Discussion
Adoption”-John Stuart Mill
Five Movement Stages
Five major stages in the growth of the movement:
Acceptance building (broad/softer education)
Awareness/consensus building
Legislation
Action to embed legislation
Functioning system of
protection
Based on comments from Kim Stallwood, Director of the US-based Animals and Society Institute
Five Stage Revolutionary Movement Framework
Cultural preparationOrganization-buildingConfrontationMass non-cooperationParallel institutions and new models develop
*Assumes polarization increasing as movement develops
From George Lakey (Globalise Liberation)
Six Stage Campaign Planning Framework
Gather information
Do education and leadership development
Negotiate with target
Increase motivation and commitment for the struggle ahead
Direct action
Create new relationship with opponent, which reflects the new power reality
Martin Luther King Jr.
Eight Stage Reform Social Movement Framework1. Business as usual
2. Failure of established channels
3. Ripening conditions: educating/organizing
4. Takeoff!
5. Perception of failure
6. Winning over the majority
7. Achieving alternatives
8. Consolidation and moving on
Bill Moyer’s Movement Action Plan (MAP)
Module 1.4
The Animal Welfare Movement
History
The history of the movement cannot be isolated from:
Social change
Culture
Religion
Politics
Economics
Ethical Foundations
Different ethical foundations affect the movement’s development, e.g.
Native American Indians/Aborigines: Ancient tradition of respect for life
Indian Gandhian values
Buddhist & Hindu: compassion, nature and animals
Western human-based morality, especially the Catholic church
The Movement’s Progress
Any assessment of the movement’s progress depends on the perception of its role:
Compassionate welfare activity
or
Movement for social change
Social change is only being achieved if underlying injustices towards animals are being integrated and tackled institutionally by society
Advocacy vs. Service Delivery
Animal Welfare Organizations
The organized movement started early in the 1800s (UK RSPCA in 1824)
The number and scope of organizations has increased enormously (UK: 1,300+ USA: 13,000+). But how many social change agents?
Compare and contrast the younger environmental movement
(really ‘took off’ in 1960s)
International Awareness
Evolving as an international issue:
Advanced nations
European Union
Council of Europe
World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
Development (World Bank, FAO etc.)
But: massive materialism and consumerism have increased exploitation
Challenges & Opportunities
The policy environment is becoming increasingly ready for fundamental change
The need to feel full pressure in favour of change and/or
To be given the challenges and threats needed as catalysts for change
The animal welfare movement is in dire need of a strong and powerful force for social change &
advocacy is the engine for social change
Current Threats to the Movement
Globalization
Capitalism and consumerism
Deregulation
Reliance on science without precautionary principle
Cooption (service delivery/fake consultation)
What is Needed for SuccessGrasping social change role!
Increased professionalism and strategic ability
Tackle problems at root
Stop being coopted
Updated and dynamic campaigning
Tap into other vital social concerns
Develop new paradigms/alternatives
Collaborate and cooperate
Really use new international
focus of OIE
Social Development & Social Change