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Modeling the Land-Modeling the Land-Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle
and its and its Coupling through River FlowCoupling through River Flow
William J. Gutowski, Jr.William J. Gutowski, Jr.Dept. Geological & Atmospheric SciencesDept. Geological & Atmospheric Sciences
Iowa State UniversityIowa State University
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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… … with much help from:with much help from:
Charles J. VörösmartyCharles J. Vörösmarty22, Mark Person, Mark Person33,,
Zekai ÖtlesZekai Ötles11, Balazs Fekete, Balazs Fekete22
and Jennifer Yorkand Jennifer York33
1 1 - ISU- ISU2 2 - Univ. New Hampshire- Univ. New Hampshire3 3 - Univ. Minnesota- Univ. Minnesota
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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OutlineOutline
CLASPCLASP
- motivation - motivation
- calibration/validation- calibration/validation
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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OutlineOutline
CLASPCLASP
- motivation - motivation
- calibration/validation- calibration/validation
Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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OutlineOutline
CLASPCLASP
- motivation - motivation
- calibration/validation- calibration/validation
Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
Further directionsFurther directions
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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Hydrologic Cycle - Modeling IssuesHydrologic Cycle - Modeling Issues
Time scale mismatchTime scale mismatch• land: land: slow slow • atmosphere: atmosphere: fast fast
Spatial scale mismatchSpatial scale mismatch• land: land: smallsmall• atmosphere: atmosphere: largelarge
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PBL
ATMOS
SVAT
Export throughStreamflow
SW/GW
External Forcing
CLASP
CCoupled LLand - AAtmosphere SSimulation PProgram
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PBL
ATMOS
SVAT
Export throughStreamflow
SW/GW
External Forcing
CLASP
ATMOS:ATMOS:• single columnsingle column• computedcomputed
vertical processesvertical processes
• specified lateral specified lateral forcingforcing
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PBL
ATMOS
SVAT
Export throughStreamflow
SW/GW
External Forcing
CLASP
SVAT & SVAT & SW/GW:SW/GW:• spatially spatially resolvedresolved
• vertical couplingvertical coupling
by soil/veg by soil/veg processesprocesses
• lateral couplinglateral coupling by river networkby river network
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1600 Cells1600 Cells
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ApplicationApplication
KansasKansas
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ApplicationApplication
FIFE - Konza Prairie, KansasFIFE - Konza Prairie, Kansas 1987-19891987-1989
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ApplicationApplication
FIFE - Konza Prairie, KansasFIFE - Konza Prairie, Kansas (from Oak Ridge DAAC FIFE page)
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PBL
ATMOS
SVAT
Export throughStreamflow
SW/GW
External Forcing
CLASP
Boundary Boundary Conditions:Conditions:
NCEP NGM analysesNCEP NGM analyses 9 Years (1985-93)9 Years (1985-93)
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0
5
10
15
20
0 90 180 270 360
950 hPa Specific HumidityTopeka vs. NGM
Topeka
NGM
Day of 1987
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Calibration/ValidationCalibration/Validation
Observations: Betts and Ball (1998)Observations: Betts and Ball (1998)
(from Oak Ridge DAAC FIFE page)
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Calibration/ValidationCalibration/Validation
1987: Calibration1987: Calibration
1988 & 1989: Validation1988 & 1989: Validation
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Calibration/ValidationCalibration/Validation
1987: Calibration1987: Calibration
1988 & 1989: Validation1988 & 1989: Validation
Surface: GrasslandSurface: Grassland
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Calibration/ValidationCalibration/Validation
1987: Calibration1987: Calibration
1988 & 1989: Validation1988 & 1989: Validation
Surface: GrasslandSurface: Grassland
Primary Targets: Primary Targets:
– Surface EvapotranspirationSurface Evapotranspiration
– Precipitation Precipitation
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Calibration/Validation: AdjustmentsCalibration/Validation: Adjustments
PrecipitationPrecipitation
– Effective RH Effective RH (93.5%)(93.5%)
– Convective precip.Convective precip.
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Calibration/Validation: AdjustmentsCalibration/Validation: Adjustments
PrecipitationPrecipitation
– Effective RH (93.5%)Effective RH (93.5%)
– Convective precip.Convective precip.
Soil MoistureSoil Moisture
– Root depth Root depth (1.42 m)(1.42 m)
– Water fractionWater fraction
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Calibration/Validation: AdjustmentsCalibration/Validation: Adjustments
PrecipitationPrecipitation
– Effective RH (93.5%)Effective RH (93.5%)
– Convective precip.Convective precip.
Soil MoistureSoil Moisture
– Root depth (1.42 m)Root depth (1.42 m)
– Water fractionWater fraction
“ “Green-up”Green-up”
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Ccan∝GLEAF
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Gleaf - Original
Gleaf
T [˚C]
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Ccan∝GLEAF
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 10 20 30 40 50
Gleaf - Original
Gleaf - Calibrated
Gleaf
T [˚C]
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0
50
100
150
200
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Surface Latent Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = - 3 ; SDEV = 5 [W-m-2]
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-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Precipitation
FIFECLASP
Day of 1987
OBS = 2.5 ; BIAS = +0.04 ; SDEV = 7.7 [mm-d-1]
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0
20
40
60
80
100
150 180 210 240 270 300
Cloud Cover
FIFECLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = +0.3 % ; SDEV = 10 %
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0
20
40
60
80
100
150 180 210 240 270 300
Cloud Cover
FIFECLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = +0.3 % ; SDEV = 10 %
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-50
0
50
100
150
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Surface Sensible Heat Flux
FIFE+sdev
FIFE-sdev
CLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = + 1 ; SDEV = 6 [W-m-2]
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Incident Solar Radiation
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = - 4; SDEV = 21 [W-m-2]
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Incident Solar Radiation
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = - 4; SDEV = 21 [W-m-2]
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200
250
300
350
400
450
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Downward Infrared Flux
FIFE+sdev
FIFE-sdev
Day of 1987
CLASP
BIAS = + 3 ; SDEV = 9 [W-m-2]
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-100
-50
0
50
100
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Soil Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1987
BIAS = + 6 ; SDEV = 7 [W-m-2]
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0
50
100
150
200
120 150 180 210 240
Latent Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1988
(a)
2100
50
100
150
200
Day of 1989
(b)
VALIDATION
BIAS = - 48 , SDEV = 25 BIAS = + 6 , SDEV = 23 [W-m-2]
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-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Precipitation
FIFE
CLASP
Day of 1988
VALIDATION
OBS = 1.4 ; BIAS = - 0.2 ; SDEV = 5.4 [mm-d-1]
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-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Precipitation
FIFE
CLASP
Day of 1989
VALIDATION
OBS = 2.5 ; BIAS = - 1.0; SDEV = 8.0 [mm-d-1]
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-50
0
50
100
150
120 150 180 210 240
Sensible Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1988
(a)
210-50
0
50
100
150
Day of 1989
(b)
VALIDATION
BIAS = + 33 , SDEV = 23 BIAS = - 13 , SDEV = 22 [W-m-2]
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150
200
250
300
350
400
120 150 180 210 240
Incident Solar Radiation
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1988
(a)
210
Day of 1989
(b)
VALIDATION
BIAS = + 22 , SDEV = 18 BIAS = - 34 , SDEV = 41 [W-m-2]
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200
250
300
350
400
450
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Downward Infrared Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1988
(a)
VALIDATION
BIAS = - 19; SDEV = 18 [W-m-2]
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200
250
300
350
400
450
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Downward Infrared Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASP
Day of 1989
(b)
VALIDATION
BIAS = - 13 ; SDEV = 7 [W-m-2]
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OutlineOutline
CLASPCLASP
- motivation - motivation
- calibration/validation- calibration/validation
Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
Further directionsFurther directions
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Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
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Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
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Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
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Water cycle coupling through Water cycle coupling through
river flowriver flow
Configuration 1:Configuration 1:• Pure grasslandPure grassland• No river inflowNo river inflow
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0
40
80
120
160
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Latent Heat Flux
ENCR (grass)
[W-m
-2]
Year
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0
40
80
120
160
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Latent Heat Flux
ENCR (grass)E-NoE (grass)
[W-m
-2]
Year
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QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Discharge
ph.18-GR-NoE
Year
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Discharge
ph.22-GR-ENCR
ph.18-GR-NoE
Year
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 90 180 270 360
Lyon Creek, Kansas - Climatology(Dec. 1953 - Sep. 1974)
DAY OF YEAR
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Water cycle coupling through Water cycle coupling through
river flowriver flow
Configuration 2:Configuration 2:• Mixed forest/grassMixed forest/grass• No river inflowNo river inflow
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0
40
80
120
160
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993
Latent Heat Flux
ENCR (for/gr)E-NoE (for/gr)
[W-m
-2]
Year
![Page 54: Modeling the Land-Atmosphere Hydrologic Cycle and its Coupling through River Flow](https://reader034.vdocuments.mx/reader034/viewer/2022051821/56814d94550346895dbaed2c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Discharge
ph.21-FG-Enc
ph.19-FG-NoE
Year
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995
Discharge
ph.21-FG-Enc
ph.19-FG-NoE
Year
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OutlineOutline
CLASPCLASP
- motivation - motivation
- calibration/validation- calibration/validation
Water cycle coupling through river flowWater cycle coupling through river flow
Further directionsFurther directions
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
CLASP CLASP MODFLOW MODFLOW Jennifer York (U. Mn)Jennifer York (U. Mn)
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
CLASP CLASP MODFLOW MODFLOW Jennifer York (U. Mn)Jennifer York (U. Mn)
CLASP + LSMCLASP + LSM Dave Flory (ISU)Dave Flory (ISU)
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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BIAS = - 3 ; SDEV = 17 [W-m-2]
0
50
100
150
200
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Surface Latent Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASPLSM
Day of 1987
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BIAS = - 6 ; SDEV = 3 [W-m-2]
-50
0
50
100
150
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Surface Sensible Heat Flux
FIFE+sdevFIFE-sdevCLASPLSM
Day of 1987
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Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
CLASP CLASP MODFLOW MODFLOW Jennifer York (U. Mn)Jennifer York (U. Mn)
CLASP + LSMCLASP + LSM Dave Flory (ISU)Dave Flory (ISU)
Grass-Forest DistributionGrass-Forest Distribution Meredith Lips (ISU)Meredith Lips (ISU)
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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Further DevelopmentsFurther Developments
Effect of Spatial Variability inEffect of Spatial Variability in
Sea-Surface TemperatureSea-Surface Temperature
(Mon. Weather Rev., 1998)(Mon. Weather Rev., 1998)
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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0
100
200
300
0 60 120 180 240 300 360
Het.Hom.
FL
[W/m
2]
Day of Year
+ 47%
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ConclusionsConclusions Credible calibration/validationCredible calibration/validation
• Hindered by model/driving data: vertical Hindered by model/driving data: vertical motion and precipitationmotion and precipitation
• Hindered by observations?Hindered by observations?
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)
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ConclusionsConclusions Credible calibration/validationCredible calibration/validation
• Hindered by model/driving data: vertical Hindered by model/driving data: vertical motion and precipitationmotion and precipitation
• Hindered by observations?Hindered by observations?
Horizontal coupling of water cycle Horizontal coupling of water cycle by river flowby river flow
• More important during dry than wet episodesMore important during dry than wet episodes
• Can increase area-averaged ET by 50% in Can increase area-averaged ET by 50% in some summerssome summers
START Temperate East Asia Regional Center (February 2000)