Download - MM Fibres- Their Properties
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Wet Spinning
TvDical Wet SDun Fibers
Viscose
Acrilan
Creslan
Disadvantages
Slow 70 - 150 yddmin)
0 '
Washing to remove impurities
Solvent and chemical recovery
Advantages
Large tows can be handled
Man
Made
FibersAnd
Thek Propertla 3-3
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Dry Spinning
TvDical
Dry
SRun Fibers
Acetate (acetone solvent)
Triacetate (methylene chloride)
Spandex (some) (dimethyl formamide)
Disadvantages
Flammable solvent hazards
0 ' Solvent recovery
Slow (?)
(200 - 400
yddmin)
Advantages
Yarn does not require purification
_ -
3-4 Man Made F i b e r s
And
Their
Properties
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Melt Spinning
TvDical Melt Spun Fibers
Nylons
0 Polyester
Polypropylene
Disadvantages
Separate drawing step (unless spin draw)
Advantages
High speed
(275
to 1500 yddmin); (4000 yddmin spin draw)
Nosolvents
No purification problems
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Extrusion
Of
Man Made Fibers
Spinning Methods)
A. W e t
Spinning Ravon)
B. Dry
Spinning
Polymer
Solution
--
Air
Outlet
Heating
Jacket
Winding
ilament
3-6 Man
Made
Fibers
And
Their Properties
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C Melt SRinning
,- J
Hopper
=
Storage -
jp
Rollinish -.I
Filament
d f I
Winding
Man Made FlbersA n d Their Properties
3-7
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Textile Fiber Parameters
Fibrous materials should possess certain properties for them to be
usekl
as
textile raw materials. Those properties which
are
essential
for acceptance
as a
suitable raw material may be classified
as
primary
properties , while
those
which add specific desirable
character
o r
aesthetics
to
the end product and
its use
may be classified as
secondary properties .
Prima-
ProDerties
Length; length-width ratio
Tenacity (strength)
Flexibility (pliability)
Acceptable extensibility for processing
Cohesion
Uniformity of properties
Secondary ProDerties
0
0
0
0
0
Physical shape (cross-section, surface contour, etc.
Specific gravity (influence weight, cover, etc.)
Moisture regain and moisture absorption (comfort, static
electricity, etc.)
Elastic character - tensile and compression
Thermoplasticity (softening point and heat-set character)
3-6 Man
Made
FibersAnd Thelr Properties
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0 Dyeability
Resistance
to
solvents, corrosive chemicals, micro-organisms, and
environmental conditions
Flammability
Luster
Note: Cost is always a
factor
to consider
Man Made Aben A n d
Their Properties
3-9
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Figure
3-
Typical Stress-Strain Curves
Of
Various Fibers
5 10 15 20
2 5 3 0
35
4 0 4 5 50
SMnPercent
3-10
Man
Made Fibers A n d Their
Properties
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Key
Fiber
Properties Determined by Polymer
Composition And Structure
Melting Point
Modulus
Elasticity and recovery from strain
Tensile strength
Density
Moisture absorption
Dyeability
comfort
_-
Man
Made flben A n d Thelr
Propertles
3-11
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>?
...
.... ,,.+ I.' =
...
.:.:..
........
::
.:.:.:.,.
...
-*-
Flat Oval, Lumen
Convolutions
Cotton
Cicular, Uniform in
diameter
Nylon, Dacron
Cuprammonium Rayon
Examples of Fiber Shapes
Y-Shaped
Celacbud
Acetate
Cumulofi Nylon
Type
20
Oval to round,
Overlapping scales
Medulla
Wool
Dog-Bone
Orlon, Verel,
Lycra
,y
...
Ribbon-Shaped
Dyne1
&&.
2'2EE=
........
Trilobal
Antron
Nylon
Triangular, Round
edges, Uniform
in
man-mades
Silk, Nylon
Type
90
Dacron
Type 62
Lobular
Lengthwise
Striations
Acetate
Circular, Serrated,
Lengthwise
Striations
Viscose Rayon
3-12 Man
Made FibersAnd Thelr roperties
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Density and Specific Gravity'
Fiber Densits d c c )
Natural Fibers
Cotton
Flax
Silk
Wool
Man-made
Fibers
Acetate
Acrylic
Aramid
Flurocarbon
Glass
Modacrylic
Nylon
Nylon Qiana
Olefin
Polyester
Rayon
Spandex
1.52
1.52
1.25
1.32
1.32
1.17
-
1.18
1.38 1.44
2.2
2.49 - 2.73
1.30
-
1.37
1.14
1.03
0.91
1.22 or 1.38
1.50
-
1.52
1.20
-
1.22
*Ratio of weight of a given volume of fiber to an equal volume of water
_-
Man M a d e Fibers
A n d
Thelr Properties 3-13
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Absorbency
Fiber Moisture Regain*
Natural Fibers
Cotton 7-11
Flax 12
Silk
11
Wool 13 - 18
Man-made Fibers
Acetate
Arne1 triacetate
Acrylic
&amid
Flurocarbon
Glass
Modacrylic
Nylon
Nylon Qiana
Olefin
Polyester
Rayon
Rayon
HWM
Spandex
6.0
3.2
1.3
-
2.5
4.5
0
0
- 0.3
0.4 - 4.0
4.0 - 4.5
2.5
0.01 - 0.1
0.4
-
0.8
15
11.5
-
13
0.75 - 1.3
*Moisture re ain
is
expressed as a percentage
of
the moisture-free
weight at 70 Farenheit and
65
relative humidity.
3-14 Man
Made
Rbers
A n d Their
Propertla
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Heat And Textile Materials
Important Criter ia to Consider
Softening, melting, o r decomposition temperatures
Tendency of the fiber and fabric
to
shrink
when heat-relaxed, o r
stretch when heated and under tension
Ability
of
the fabric
t o
heat set
Ability of the fabric to h c t i o n properly at elevated temperatures in
one time
o r
repeated use
Ability of the fabric to ftnction properly at room temperature or
some other lower temperature) after exposure at
high
temperature
for
a
given period of time
_-
Man
Mode Fibers
A n d Thelr
Properties
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Table 3- Thermal Properties
Fiber
k
atural Fben
I
Cotton
I Wool
Acetate
I Acrylic
I
Aramid
I
G la s s
Modacrylic
I Novoloid
I
Nylon6
I Nylon66
I
Olefin
I Polyester
PET
I Polyester
PCDT
~
-saran
;---
inyon
Spandex
Melting Point
Softening
Safe
Ironing
OF
O C
OF
OC
OF
O C
Sticking Point Temperature*
Nonmelting
425 2 18
Nonmelting
450 232
Nonmelting
300 149
Nonmelting
300 149
446
230 364
184 350
177
575
302 482
250 464
240
I
400-490
204-254 I 300-350 149-176
I
oes not melt, carbonizes above
800' F
1400-3033
200-250 93-12
1
Nonmelting
414
2 12 340
171 300
149
482
250 445
229 350
177
150
127
I lowest possible)
75 135
260
480 249 460 238 325 163
550 311 490 254 350 177
Nonmelting
375 19
350 177
300 149
Do not iron
446 230
347 175
300 149
285 140
200 93 Do not iron
-
3-16 Man
Made
FibersA n d
Their
PropeC.nes
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Comparative Fiber Properties
-
Effect Of Acids
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Polyester
Rayon
Acetate
Triacetate
Nylon 66
Olefin
Glass
Cotton
Wool
Resistant t o most acids
Resistant to most acids
Resistant to most mineral ac
96%sulhric
is;
disintegrated by
Disintegrates in hot dilute and cold concentrated acids
Soluble in acetic acid, decomposed by strong acids
Similar to acetate
Decomposed by strong mineral acids, resistant
to
weak acids
Very resistant
Resists most acids. Etched by hydrofluoric acid and
hot phosphoric acid
Similar to rayon
Destroyed by hot sulfuric, otherwise unaffected
by acids
Man Made Rbers nd
Their
Properties
3-1
7
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Comparative Fiber Properties Effects Of Alkalies
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Polyester
Rayon
Acetate
Triacetate
Nylon
66
Olefin
Glass
Cotton
Wool
Destroyed
by
strong alkalies at a boil, resists
weak alkalies
Resistant to alkalies
Resistant t o
cold
alkalies, slowly decomposed at a boil
by
strong alkalies
No effect by cold, weak alkalies, swells and loses
strength in concentrated alkalies
Saponified, little effect from cold weak alkalies
Not effected up to pH 9.8,205' F; better than acetate
Little o r no effect
Very resistant
Attacked by hot weak alkalies and concen-
trated alkalies
Swells when treated with caustic soda but is
not damaged
Attacked by weak alkalies, destroyed by
strong alkalies
3-18
ManMade
FibersA n d
The i r
Propetties
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Comparative Fiber Properties Effect Of
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Polyester
Rayon
Acetate
Triacetate
Nylon 66
Olefin
Glass
Cotton
Wool
Organic Solvents
Unaffected
Soluble in warm acetone, otherwise unaffected
Soluble in some phenolic compounds, other-
wise unaffected
Unaffected
Soluble in acetone, dissolved or swollen by
many others
Soluble in acetone, chloroform and swollen
by
others
Generally unaffected, soluble in some
phenolic compounds
Soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons above 160
Unaffected
Resistant
Generally resistant
Man
Made
Fibers
A n d Their
Properh
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Comparative Fiber Properties - Effect Of Sunlight
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Polyester
Rayon
Acetate
Triacetate
Nylon
66
Olefin
Glass
Cotton
Wool
Little o r no effect
Highly resistant, some loss
of
strength and
discoloration
after
constant exposure
Some loss of strength, no discoloration, very resistant
behind glass
Generally resistant, loses strength after long exposure
Approximately same
as
rayon
Resistant, loses strength after long exposure
No
discoloration, strength loss after long exposure
Very resistant, retains 95 strength after 6
months exposure
None
Strength loss on long exposure
Strength loss, dyeing is affected
3-20 ManMade
Fibers
A n d Their Properties
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Rayon
A Cellulosic Man-Made Fiber)
ComDosition
Regenerated cellulose
Physical ProDerties
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Microscopic Appearance
- triations seen in viscose and high-strength rayon
-
f
delustered, scattered specks
of
pigment can be seen.
Length
-
ilament and staple
Color
- ransparent unless dulled by pigments
Luster
- igh unless delustering pigment added
Strength
-
air to
excellent
- egular rayon has fair strength
- igh tenacity types have good to excellent strength
Elasticity
-
egular rayon
is
low
- igh strength rayon is good
Resiliency
- igh wet-strength rayon is better
Man Made FibersA n d The ir roperties 3-21
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Moisture Absorption
-
igher than natural cellulose
-
ibers swell in water
-
Weaker when
wet
Heat
-
oses strength above
300'
F
-
ecomposes between 350 and
400'
F
Flammability
-
urns rapidly unless treated
Electrical Conductivity
-
air - static charge can be reduced with special finishes
Specific Gravity
- .52 (similar
to
cotton)
Chemical ProDerties similar to cotton)
Easily damaged by strong acids
Resistant
t o
alkalies, reduction in strength
if
concentrated
Lengthy exposure
to
sunlight weakens the fabric
Greater
f i n i t y
for dyes than cotton
3-22 Man Made FibersAnd Their Properties
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Acrylic
(A
Wool Like
Fiber)
ComD
osi
t
ion
Acrylonitrile and small amounts
of
other monomers
Physical Properties
Microscopic appearance
- niform and smooth surface
- rregular spaced striations
Length
* -Mainly a staple fiber
Color
-
White t o off-white
Luster
-
right, semidull,
or
dull
Strength
-
air t o
good strength
Elasticity
- ood
Resilience
- ood
Water Absorption
-1-3
Man
Made
f lbers
A n d Their Properties 3-23
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Nylon
(A Polyamide Fiber)
Com osit ion
Nylon
66
-
Polyhexamethylene Adipamide
Nylon 6 - Caprolactam
Phvsical Proverties
Microscopic Appearance
- ery smooth and even
Length
,
-
ilament and staple
Color
- ff-white
Luster
- igh
natural
luster can be controlled
Strength
- xceptionally
high
(60,000 - 108,000)pounds per square inch
Elasticity
- xceptionally
high
Resiliency
- ery good
Moisture Absorption
-
.8
Man
Made
Fibers A n d Thelr Properties 3-25
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~
0
0
0
0
Heat
igh resistance, melts at
482'
F
Flammability
-Melts slowly
- oes not support combustion
Electrical Conductivity
ow,
generates
sta t ic
Specific Gravity
- 1.14 low density)
Chemical ProDerties
Weakened by concentrated strong acids
High resistance to alkalies
Loses strength in prolonged exposure t o sunlight
-
bright yam more
resistant than dull yam
3-26 Man Made
Fibers
A n d
Their
Properties
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Polyester
Most Versatile Fiber)
ComDosition
Combination
of
Terephthalic Acid
or
Dimethylterephthalate and
Ethylene Glycol
Phvsical ProDerties
Microscopic Appearance
-
mooth, even, rodlike, different cross-sectional shapes
Length
.
-
ilament and staple
Color
-White
Luster
-
right
or
dull
Strength
-
ood
t o
excellent
Elasticity
-
air t o good
- reater than cotton o r rayon
Resilience
-Excellent
-
Moisture Absorption
- ess than 1
Man
Mode
FibersA n d Thelr Properties 3-27
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Heat
-
ofteningo r sticking temperature is above 400 F thermoplastic)
Flammability
u m slowly
Electrical Conductivity
-
ccumulates static changes
Specific Gravity
-
ypically 1.38
ChemicalPronerties
Good resistance t o most acids
Good
resistance to
most
alkalies
Good sunlight resistance
3-26
Man
Made Fibers
And Thelr
roperties
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Figure
3-2
Production
of
Polyester
Drying
r - l
Drawing
FilamentYam
Staple Fiber
3
Drawing Tow
2
Crimping
3
Drying/Heat Setting
4 Cutting
Man Made
Fiben
A n d
Thelr
Propertles
3-29
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Acetate
(A
Cellulosic Man-Made Fiber)
ComDosition
Acetate Ester
of
Cellulose
Phvsical ProDerties
Microscopic Appearance
-
triations farther apart than viscose rayon
-
obed cross-section
Length
-
ilament and staple
Color
-
ransparent unless dulled by pigments
Luster
-
right, semibright,
o r
dull
Strength
-
Moderate
-
ess than rayon when wet
Elasticity
-
ot
very
high
-
imilar
to
rayon
--
Resilience
- oor
3 30
Man
Made
Flbers
A n d Their roperties
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Moisture Absorption
-
%,
little strength
loss
when wet
Heat
- roning temperatures of 275' F are satisfactory
Flammability
-
lowly combustible
Electrical Conductivity
-
ood
Specific Gravity
- .32
Chemical ProDerties
Concentrated strong acids will decompose it
Strong alkalies will damage
it
Long exposures
t o
sunlight produce a weakening effect
--
Man Made Fibers A n d Their Properties 3-31
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Polypropylene
(An
Olefin Fiber)
ComDosition
Propylene
Physical ProDerties
Microscopic Appearance
-
mooth and rodlike
Length
-
ilament and staple
Color
-
ranslucent
Luster
-
ull, semidull, bright
Strength
- xcellent strength (depends on degree of polymerization)
Elasticity
- ood
Resilience
- ood resistance to crushing
0
Moisture Absorption
- one
3-32
Man
Made
A b e t s
A n d
Thek Properties
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Heat
-
Melts a t about 330'
F
-
rogressive shrinkage can occur at
140'
F to
212'
F
Flammability
-
low burning
Electrical Conductivity
-
xcellent
Specific Gravity
* -
.90
to
0.91
Chemical ProDerties
Very resistant t o most acids
Very resistant t o alkalies
Dye pigments usually added
t o
the liquid before fibers are extruded
Loses strength
in
sunlight, degrades upon long exposure
Man Made RbenAnd Thelr Properties 3-33
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Polyethylene
(An Olefin Fiber)
Compos t on
Ethylene
Phvsical ProDerties
Microscopic Appearance
-
mooth and rodlike
Length
- ilament and staple
Color
- ranslucent
Luster
-
ull, semidull, bright
Strength
-
air to
good (depends on degree
of
polymerization)
Elasticity
-
ood
Resilience
-
ood resistance to crushing
Moisture Absorption
-
one
3-34 Man Made Fibers
And
Their
Propertles
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Heat
ery heat-sensitive
-Melts at about
260' F
Flammability
- low burning
Electrical Conductivity
-
xcellent
Specific Gravity
-
.90
to 0.91
Chemical
ProDerties
Very resistant
to
most acids
Very resistafit
to
alkalies
Dye pigments usually added
t o
the liquid before fibers are extruded
Loses strength in sunlight, degrades upon long exposure
_-
Man Made FibersAnd Their Properties
3-35
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Moisture
Regain
(96)
Elongation Softening
( I
Melting
Point
( F)
7 - 8 3 - 7 NONE
otton
1.5
-
1.55
Acetate
1.32 6
(sM00-445'F
23
-
24 (m)500F
1.5 - 2.5 35 - 39 (sM20'F
crylic
1.16 - 1.18
NONE 3.1
-
5.3 I (s)135O-156O0
Nylon
66
Polyester
1.14
1.38
l.2 - 4.5
(sM5OF
(mM80-500'F
0.4 - 0.8
(sM5'F
(mM82'F
2-67
13
16
1
DNM
350400F
DNM
310-350'F
9 - 26 Decomposes
30
40
Decomposes
R.LIYOI1,
HT
1.50 1.53
Table 3-2 Textile Fiber Properties
Tenacity
(wet) (gpd)
Tenacity
(gpd)
specific
Gravity
3.0 - 4.9
3.3
-
6.4
I
1.3 - 1.5
1.2 - 1.4
2.0 - 3.6
1.6 - 2.9
Glass
9.6
-
19.9 6.7
-
19.9.50
-
2.55
F
~ ~~
3.0 - 7.2
~~
2.6 6.1
I
2.2 - 6.6 2.2 - 6.6
.0 - 5.7 1.9 - 4.3
Wool
1 1.5
.3
1
DNM
350-4509
- 5
251
3-36 Man
Made
Rbers
And
Thelr
PrOpertres
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Summary Of Properties Desired
For
Textile Fibers
Azmarel and Domestic Reauirements
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Tenacity: 3
-
5 gramddenier
Elongation at break: 10 35
Recovery from elongation:
100%
at strains up to 5
Modulus of elasticity:
30
-
60
gramddenier
Moisture absorbency:
2 5
Zero strength temperature (excessive creep and softening point):
above 215'
C
High abrasion resistance (varies with type fabric structure)
Dyeable
Low flammability
Insolublewt low swelling in water, in moderately strong acids
and bases and conventional organic solvents from room temperature
t o 100' c
Ease
of
care
Industrial Reauirements
Tenacity: 7 -
8
graddenier
Elongation
at
break:
8
-
15
Modulus of elasticity: 80 g radden ier
o r
more conditioned, 50
gr ad de ni er wet
Zero strength temperature: 250'
C
o r above
Man
Made FibersAnd Their Properties 3-37
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Fiber
Property
Chart
Fiber Prover Is Due
To
Contn'buter
To
Fabric
ProDertv
Abrasion
Resistance
The ability of a fiber to
withstand the rubbing o r
abrasion i t gets in
everyday use
Tough outer layer, scales, Durability
or
skin
Fiber toughness Resistance to splitting
Flexible molecular chains
Abrasion resistance
Absorbency
or
Moisture Regain
The percentage of moisture
a bone-dry fiber Will absorb
from the a ir under
standard conditions of
.temperature
and
moisture
Hydroxyl groups
Amorphous areas
Aging Resistance
Chemical structure
Comfort, warmth, water
repellency, absorbency, static
Dyeability, spotting
Shrinkage
Wrinkle resistance
build-up
Storing of fabrics
ChemicalReactivity
The effect of acids, alkali,
oxidizing agents, solvents
Polar groups of molecules Care required in
cleaning/bleaching, ability to
take acid
o r
alkali finishes
Cohesiveness
The ability of fibers to cling
together during spinning,
not important
in
continuous filament
Crimp or twists Resistance to ravel
Cover
The ability to occupy
space for concealment
or protection
Crimp, curl, or twist
Cross-sectional shape
Warmth in fabric
Cost
-
less fiber needed
Creep
Delayed elasticity;
Recovers gradually
--&om strain
Lack of side chains, cross
links, strong bonds; in fabric
poor orientation
Streak dyeing and shiners
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Density
see Specific Gravity
Dyeability
The fibers receptivity
to
coloration by dyes
Elastic Recovery
The ability of fibers to
recover from strain
Elasticity
The ability of a stretched
material to retum
immediately to
its
original size
Electric Conductivity
The ability to transfer
electrical charges
Elongation
The ability
to
be strztched,
extended, o r lengthened;
varies at different tempera-
tures and when wet or dry
Feltability
The ability of
fibers
to
mat together
Flammability
The ability to ignite
and burn
Amorphous areas and
dye sites
Molecular structure: side
chains, cross linkages,
strong bonds
Aesthetics and colorfastness
Processability of fabrics
Resiliency
Delayed elasticity or creep
Chemical structure: Poor conductivity causes
polar groups
fabric
to
cling to the body,
electric shocks
Fiber crimp
Increases tear strength
Molecular structure: mole- Reduces brittleness
cular crimp orientation Provides give
and stretchiness
Scale structure of wool
Chemical composition
Hand
The way
a
fiber feels: silky,
harsh, soft crisp, dry
Cross-sectional shape,
crimp, diameter, length
Heat Conductivity
away fiom the body
-- The ability to conduct heat
Crimp
Cross-sectional shape
Fabrics can be made directly
?om fibers
Special care required
during washing
Fabrics bum
Hand offabric
Warmth
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Their
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Heat Sensitivity
The ability to soften, melt, Heat vibrates molecules
or shrink when subjected Fewer intermolecular ironing temperatures
t o heat
forces and cross links
Determine safe washing and
Hydrophilic or
Hygroscopic
Bee Absorbency
Luster
The light reflected from Smoothness
a surface; more subdued Fiber length
than shine; light rays are
Flat
o r
lobal shape
broken up
Loft or Compressional
Resiliency
The ability to spring back
t o original thickness after Stiffness
being compressed
Fiber crimp
Luster
Luster Shine
Springiness, good cover
Resistance
to
flattening
Mildew Resistance Low absorption Care during storage
Moth Resistance Molecule has no sulfur Care during storage
Pilling
The bailing up of fiber
ends on the surface High molecular weight Unsightly appearance
of
fabrics
Pilling
iber strength
Specific Gravity and
Density
The measures of the weight
of a fiber; Density is the
weight in grams per cubic
centimeter and specific
gravity is the ratio of the
mass of the fiber
to
an
equal volume of water
at doc.
Molecular weight
Warmth without weight
Loftiness - full and light
Buoyancy t o fabric
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Their
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StiffnessorRigidity
The opposite of flexibility;
the resistance
t o
bending
o r creasing
Strength
The ability
to
resist stress;
expressed as tensile
strength (pounds per
square inch)
or
as tenacity
(grams per denier)
Sunlight
Resistance
The ability
to
withstand
degradation from
direct sunlight
Toughness
Ratio of breaking stress
to
breaking strain
Body of fabric
Resistance to insertion of
yam twist
Molecular structure: Durability, tear strength,
orientation, crystallinity, sagging, pilling
degree of polymerization
Sheerer fabrics possible with
stronger fine
fibers
Chemical composition
Durability of curtains and
draperies, outdoor furniture,
outdoor carpeting
Outer surface of skin
of fiber deformation, gives
Resists rupture from
frictional resistance
Wicking
The ability of
a
fiber
to
transfer moisture along composition of
its surface outer surfaces
Chemical and physical
Makes fabrics comfortable
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Fiber Blends Some Reasons
For
Blending
To facilitate processing
To
improve properties
-
brasion resistance
- trength
- bsorbency
- dd
bulk
and warmth
-
and
- imensional stability
-
esistance to wrinkling
To produce multi-color fabrics
To reduce
cost
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