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ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE
Prepared by:
Hassan Raza Haider
ID: 52847
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What is intelligence?
It is a term describing a property of the mind includingrelated abilities, such as the capacitiesfor reasoning, planning, problem solving, communication,and learning.
What is AI ?
A field of science and technology based on disciplines such
as computer science, biology, psychology, linguistics,mathematics, and engineering to enable Computers withthe ability to mimic or duplicate the functions of the humanbrain.
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Why do AI ?
Two main goals of AI:To understand human intelligence better. We test theoriesof human intelligence by writing programs which emulateit.
To create useful smart programs able to do tasks thatwould normally require a human expert.
Artificial intelligence systems
The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, andknowledge needed to develop computer systems andmachines that demonstrate the characteristics ofintelligence
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Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Intelligent behavior
Learn from experienceApply knowledge acquired from experience
Handle complex situationsSolve problems when important information is missingDetermine what is importantReact quickly and correctly to a new situationUnderstand visual imagesProcess and manipulate symbolsBe creative and imaginativeUse heuristics
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Major Branches of AI (1)
Perceptive system
A system that approximates the way a human sees, hears, and feelsobjects
Vision system Capture, store, and manipulate visual images and pictures
Robotics
Mechanical and computer devices that perform tedious tasks withhigh precision
Expert system
Stores knowledge and makes inferences
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Major Branches of AI ( 2)
Learning system Computer changes how it functionsor reacts to situations based onfeedback
Naturallanguageprocessing
Computers understand and react tostatements and commands made ina natural language, such asEnglish
Neural network
Computer system that can act likeor simulate the functioning of thehuman brain
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Artificial intelligence
Robotics
Vision
systemsLearning
systems
Natural language
processing
Neural networks
Expert systems
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Branches of AI
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Artificial Intelligence
There are several programming languages that are known asAI languages because they are used almost exclusively forAI applications. The two most common are :
LISP (Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol )
Prolog
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Intelligent Agents
A software surrogate foran end user or a processthat fulfills a stated needor activity
Uses its built-in andlearned knowledge base
To make decisions andaccomplish tasks in a waythat fulfills the intentions
of a user
Also called software robotsor bots
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Overview of Expert Systems
Can
Explain their reasoning or suggested decisions
Display intelligent behavior
Draw conclusions from complex relationships
Provide portable knowledge
Expert system shell
A collection of software packages and tools used to develop expertsystems
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Limitations of Expert Systems
Not widely used or tested
Limited to relatively narrow problems
Cannot readily deal with mixed knowledge
Possibility of error Cannot refine own knowledge base
Difficult to maintain
May have high development costs
Raise legal and ethical concerns
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Capabilities of Expert Systems
Explore impact of strategic goals
Impact of plans on resources
Integrate general design principlesand manufacturing limitations
Provide advise on decisions
Monitor quality and assist in findingsolutions
Look for causes and suggestsolutions
Strategic goal setting
Decision making
Planning
Design
Quality control and monitoring
Diagnosis
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When to Use an Expert System
Provide a high potential payoff or significantly reduceddownside risk
Capture and preserve irreplaceable human expertise
Provide expertise needed at a number of locations at thesame time or in a hostile environment that is dangerous tohuman health
Provide expertise that is expensive or rare
Develop a solution faster than human experts can
Provide expertise needed for training and development toshare the wisdom of human experts with a large number ofpeople
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Components of an Expert System (1)
Knowledge baseStores all relevant information, data, rules, cases, andrelationships used by the expert system
Inference engineSeeks information and relationships from the knowledgebase and provides answers, predictions, and suggestionsin the way a human expert would
RuleA
conditional statement that links given conditions toactions or outcomes
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Components of an Expert System (2)
Fuzzy logicA specialty research area in computer science thatallows shades of gray and does not requireeverything to be simply yes/no, or true/false
Backward chainingA method of reasoning that starts with conclusions andworks backward to the supporting facts
Forward chainingA method of reasoning that starts with the facts and
works forward to the conclusions Explanation facility
A part of the expert system that allows a user or decisionmaker to understand how the expert system arrived atcertain conclusions or results
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Knowledge Acquisition Facility
Knowledge acquisition facility
Provides a convenient and efficient means of capturing and storingall components of the knowledge base
Knowledgebase
Knowledge
acquisitionfacility
Joe Expert
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Inference
engine
Explanation
facility
Knowledge
baseacquisition
facility
UserinterfaceKnowledge
base
Experts User
Components of an Expert System
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Expert Systems Development
Determining requirements
Identifying experts
Construct expert system components
Implementing results
Maintaining and reviewing system
Domain
The area of knowledge
addressed by the
expert system.
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Participants in Expert Systems Development and
Use
Domain expertThe individual or group whose expertise and knowledge iscaptured for use in an expert system
Knowledge userThe individual or group who uses and benefits from theexpert system
Knowledge engineerSomeone trained or experienced in the design,
development, implementation, and maintenance of anexpert system
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Expert
system
Knowledge engineerDomain expert Knowledge user
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Advantages of Expert Systems
Easy to develop and modify
The use of heuristics
Development by knowledge engineers and users.
Increase in the productivity of performing manytasks.
helps in handling information overload by
summarizing or interpreting information.assists in searching through large amounts of data.
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Applications of Expert Systems and Artificial
Intelligence
Credit granting Information management and retrievalAI and expert systems embedded in productsPlant layoutHospitals and medical facilitiesHelp desks and assistanceEmployee performance evaluationLoan analysis
Virus detectionRepair and maintenanceShippingMarketingWarehouse optimization
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Is artificial intelligence a threat ?
Over dependence is dangerous ?
conscious" artificial entity.
Fiction or Reality ?
Predictions about destruction ofman kind in movies like:
Terminator (T-1000 )
I Robot ( Sonny ) Eagle Eye (ARIIA )
Surrogates
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Claim by Stephen Hawking
"In contrast with our intellect, computers double theirperformance every 18 months," says Hawking. "So thedanger is real that they could develop intelligence and takeover the world."
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Thank you