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Mining Impacts to the Environment
Dr. Emelina G. RegisAugust 5 2011August 5, 2011
Puerto Pinsesa, Palawan
Institute for Environmental Conservation and Research (INECAR)Ateneo de Naga University
Naga CityNaga City
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The Island Ecosystem
A. Mangrove D. Cropland G. Seagrass bedsA. MangroveB. ForestC. Coral
D. CroplandE. Human SettlementF. River/Creek
G. Seagrass beds
The mining area with open pit is letter H. B2 represents denuded forest. The darker tint of the coral reef at the left side represents dead corals.
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raindrops
force of falling raindrops reduced by leaves of trees
water droplets gently fall on dried leaves
Water table
groundwater
Water table
Watershed Effect
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MiningMining is the physical removal of soil and rocksMining is the physical removal of soil and rocks from the earth’s crust for various purposes.
To facilitate processing, these rocks are crushed into smaller fragments
Metals are released through heap leaching process using acid and/or cyanide
The acid and/or cyanide are released into a treatment plant and/or the disposal sitestreatment plant and/or the disposal sites
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Stages of mining1. Exploration – clearing of vegetation and construction
of roads causing disturbance to wildlifeg
2. Site development- road building continue, infrastructures (offices, processing plants) are builtinfrastructures (offices, processing plants) are built
3. Extraction (processing)- addition of chemicals such as mercury and cyanide to extract the target metals (gold, silver, copper, zinc) or sulfuric acid in nickel mining in laterite soil
4. Mine Closure – when ores are exhausted and social
mining in laterite soil
problems arise creating financial liability to the company
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Ores in the ecosystem
1
2
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Effect of mining, topsoil is removed
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Quezon, Palawan
Operation of BNC over Natural Forest
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Brgy. Berong, Quezon
Quezon Palawan
Discoloration of Iba’t Ong River due to operation of Berong Nickel Corp. (BNC) Exploration Photo by ELAC
Quezon, Palawan
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CITINICKEL, NARRA
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Laterite‐affected ricefield
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Metals in Laterite soil and impactsMetals in Laterite soil and impacts
Laterite is a residual ore deposit resultingLaterite is a residual ore deposit resulting from the weathering of rocks and soil.
Metals found with nickel (Ni) are Cobalt (Co), ( ) ( ),Aluminum (Al), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), and ZincCadmium (Cd), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc
(Zn)
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Metals Toxic Effects on plants at elevated levels or if values exceeded standards
Ni k l R d d t & h t biNickel Reduced roots & shoots biomass; Blocks cell division inhibiting root branching;branching;
Chromium III & chromium VI
Alteration of the germination process, root, stem & leaf growth; destroys
(Hexavalent) photosynthetic ability to produce food; Manganese Chlorosis; stunting of growth; reduced
i i ld d d t l tigrain yield; reduced root elongation, eventual death; decreased in size and opening of stomata resulting in reducedopening of stomata resulting in reduced entry of carbon dioxide, thus affecting photosynthesis
Sources: Shanker et al. 2005;Ahmad et al. 2010; Seregin and Kozhevnikova 2005; Dobermann and Fairhurst 2000; Lidon 2000; Ward et al. 2008
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Metals Toxic Effects on plants at elevated levels or if values exceeded standards
Ni k l R d d t & h t biNickel Reduced roots & shoots biomass; Blocks cell division inhibiting root branching;branching;
Chromium III & chromium VI
Alteration of the germination process, root, stem & leaf growth; destroys
(Hexavalent) photosynthetic ability to produce food; Manganese Chlorosis; stunting of growth; reduced
i i ld d d t l tigrain yield; reduced root elongation, eventual death; decreased in size and opening of stomata resulting in reducedopening of stomata resulting in reduced entry of carbon dioxide, thus affecting photosynthesis
Sources: Shanker et al. 2005;Ahmad et al. 2010; Seregin and Kozhevnikova 2005; Dobermann and Fairhurst 2000; Lidon 2000; Ward et al. 2008
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Whitish blades of riceWhitish blades of rice plant from San Isidro ricefield :San Isidro ricefield : example of posssibly affected by heavyaffected by heavy metals
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Metal Other Toxic Effects
Iron Inhibition of primary root growth; death. Toxic to fishes
Chromium Damage gills of fishes causing death
Nickel Human carcinogen especially of the lungs
As, Cr, Mn, Ni Reduced plant growth and inability to produce food by 46%
Ni, Co, Mn Reduced harvest on beans by 23%
Cd, Cu, Zn, M C Ni
Decreased in plant growth by 85%Mn, Co, Ni
Sources: US EPA, 2001; Munthas et al. 2010; William and Wilkins 1985; Shanker et al. 2005; Ahmad et al. 2010; Lidon 2000; Ward et al. 2008;
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Effects on plants
Normal pollen grains
aborted
Stachytarphetajamaicensis
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Mature coconut trees in Sitio Sta. Barbara b i f it ( d )bearing fruits (see red arrows)
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Mature coconuts that do not bear fruits in the mining area of Sitio Ultra Barangay Luklukan Surarea of Sitio Ultra, Barangay Luklukan Sur
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Effects on plants (Cyperus kyllingia)(Cyperus kyllingia)
Loss of starch in leaves of grass plantsgrass plants
ControlControl
C i dContaminated
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Impacts on the seagrass Halodule pinifoliap f
Right: Normal cellsRight: Normal cells
Left : structural destruction of cells.
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A simplified food chain
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Impacts of heavy metals on human health
Respiratory problems; cadmium pneumonitisCancer (all kinds)Brain dysfunction; mental retardation; permanent brain damageMalfunctions of organ systems: nervous kidneyMalfunctions of organ systems: nervous, kidneyLoss of vision; deafness; Loss of muscle coordinationBone abnormalitiesLiver poisoning; blood poisoningProblems on reproduction development and birth Problems on reproduction, development and birth defectsStomach irritation; vomiting; diarrheaComa and death
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Left: Pagcolbon River, Rapu-Rapu within the p pmining site at higher elevation (Dec 11, 2005) pH is 2 8 The 2005) pH is 2.8. The weather was humid
The Coral Reef at th E t t the Eastern coast
of Rapu-Rapu where Pagcolbon
i dRiver and Ungay Creek empty their
contaminated acidic water and waste cyanide
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Effects of mining on aquatic animalsg q
Cyanide residues in tailings pond – cause death to fishes, wildlife and domestic animals
Elevated levels of cyanide that reaches theElevated levels of cyanide that reaches the sea causes fishkills
Tailings choke, smothers and kill animals in the coral reefcoral reef
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Fish Killing in Rapu‐Rapu (2005, 2007)
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Live Corals of Rapu‐Rapu
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Dead corals near mining site of Rapu‐RapuPictures taken March 2009
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Dead corals near mining site of Rapu‐RapuPictures taken March 2009
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The Coral Triangle
Center of fish diversity
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Save God’s wonderful creation!
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Tao, Tulungan mo kami!