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Putting It All Together Integrated Natural Resource Protection, Stormwater Management and Site Design
Mike Novotney, P.E. (MD)Center for Watershed Protection
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Stormwater & Site Design Criteria
Flood
Control
Channel
WQV
Runoff Reduction
Flood Control
Aquatic Resource Protection
Water Quality
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Meeting the Stormwater & Site Design Criteria Satisfying these criteria requires the successful
integration of natural resource protection and stormwater management with the site planning and design process
This integration can be accomplished by using an approach to the site planning and design process that:
(1) identifies and protects valuable natural resources(2) limits land disturbance and the creation of new impervious and disturbed pervious cover (3) reduces and manages post-construction stormwater runoff rates, volumes and pollutant loads
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Natural Resource Protection & Stormwater Management Practices & Techniques This approach involves the use of two distinct, but
complementary groups of natural resource protection and stormwater management techniques:
Green Infrastructure Practices: – Natural resource protection and stormwater management
practices and techniques (e.g., better site planning and design techniques, low impact development practices) that can be used to help prevent increases in post-construction stormwater runoff rates, volumes and pollutant loads
– Used to protect natural resources from the direct impacts of the land development process, limit land disturbance and the creation of new impervious and disturbed pervious cover, and reduce post-construction stormwater runoff rates, volumes and pollutant loads
Stormwater Management Practices– Stormwater management practices (e.g., wet ponds,
swales) that can be used to manage post-construction stormwater runoff rates, volumes and pollutant loads.
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How do I best use these practices during the site planning and design process?
Need guidance for the developer, site designer and plan reviewer– Stick with the existing process– But make sure that we consider
natural resource protection and stormwater management from the very beginning of process
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Six-step stormwater management planning and design process
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Prior to Site Assessment Have a project
idea or find a site that leads to an idea
Develop knowledge of all applicable constraints and requirements
Make a basic “go or no go” decision
Goal is to understand the site constraints
and possibilities without investing too
much time and money
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Prior to Site Layout
Complete site assessment & natural resources inventory
Develop site fingerprint
Identify primary and secondary conservation areas and buildable area
Goal is to ID important resources and reduce impacts of land development
“by design”
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Step 4: Prepare Stormwater Management Concept Plan
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Can complete iterative process using Coastal Georgia Site Planning & Design Worksheet…
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Let’s walk through an example
Peachtree Strip Mall
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Our site is pretty basic:
PEACHTREE STRIP MALL – CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
Basic Site Analysis
Farm Field
Natural Vegetation
Small Pond
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Peachtree Strip MallConventional Design
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PEACHTREE STRIP MALL – CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
VL = (a . C) . P6
ParkingParking
ParkingParking
ShopsShops
ShopsShopsAnchorAnchor
RestaurantRestaurant
Sketch Plan
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ConcentratedConcentratedParking AreaParking AreaConcentratedConcentratedParking AreaParking Area
Disturbed Disturbed PerviousPervious
AreaArea
Disturbed Disturbed PerviousPervious
AreaArea
DetentionDetentionPondPond
DetentionDetentionPondPond
Drugstore Shops Supermarket
Shops
Restaurant
DisturbedDisturbedPerviousPervious
AreaArea
DisturbedDisturbedPerviousPervious
AreaArea
PEACHTREE STRIP MALL – CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
Concept Plan
0 100 200
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Peachtree Strip Mall Conventional Design
HSG B Soils Area = 18 acres Impervious Cover = 15.2
acres I = 84% impervious RRv =
(0.05+ 0.009*84)*1.2÷12*18 = 1.46 ac-ft Assume Tc = 15 min.
P = 3.6 in ARPv = 2.65 ac-ft
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ConcentratedConcentratedParking AreaParking AreaConcentratedConcentratedParking AreaParking Area
Disturbed Disturbed PerviousPerviousAreaArea
Disturbed Disturbed PerviousPerviousAreaArea
DetentionDetentionPondPondDetentionDetentionPondPond
Drugstore Shops Supermarket
Shops
Restaurant
DisturbedDisturbedPerviousPervious
AreaArea
DisturbedDisturbedPerviousPervious
AreaArea
PEACHTREE STRIP MALL – CONVENTIONAL DESIGN
Concept Plan
0 100 200
We can probably do a better job protecting naturalresources and reducing stormwater runoff rates,volumes and pollutant loads…
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Peachtree “Glen”Innovative Design Using Green Infrastructure Practices
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Our site is pretty basic:
Basic Site Analysis
Farm Field
Natural Vegetation
Small Pond
Better Site Planning Technique:Preserve Secondary Conservation Areas
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Better Site Design Technique: Reduce Parking Lot Footprint
Better Site Design Technique: Create Landscaping Islands in Parking Lot
Better Site Design Technique: Reduce Clearing and Grading Limits
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Drugstore
Shops
SupermarketRestaurant
Shops
Shops
Sketch Plan
PEACHTREE GLEN – INNOVATIVE DESIGN
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PEACHTREE GLEN – INNOVATIVE DESIGN
Drugstore
Shops
SupermarketRestaurant
Shops
Shops
ReducedReducedClearing & Clearing &
GradingGrading
ReducedReducedClearing & Clearing &
GradingGrading
Parking Lot Parking Lot LandscapingLandscaping
IslandsIslands
Parking Lot Parking Lot LandscapingLandscaping
IslandsIslands
ReducedReducedParking LotParking Lot
FootprintFootprint
ReducedReducedParking LotParking Lot
FootprintFootprint
ConservationConservationAreasAreas
ConservationConservationAreasAreas
Concept Plan
0 100 200
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Site Information
HSG B Soils Area = 18 acres Impervious Cover = 13.6 acres I = 76% impervious RRv == (0.009*76+0.05)*1.2÷12*18= 1.31 ac-ft Was 1.45 ac-ft
– 10% savings even before stormwater management “credits”
Next, apply “credits”…
Assume Tc = 15 min. P = 3.6 in ARPv = 2.35 ac-ft
– 12% savings
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PEACHTREE GLEN – BETTER SITE DESIGN
Drugstore
Shops
SupermarketRestaurant
Shops
Shops
3.9 A3.9 A
0 100 200
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
Same number of parking spaces but with slightly narrower widthsSame number of parking spaces but with slightly narrower widths
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After Better Site Planning/Design “Credits” RRv =
= (0.009*76+0.05)*1.2÷12*(18-3.9)
= 1.03 ac-ft Was 1.45 ac-ft, then 1.31 ac-ft
– 29% savings over conventional design with “credits”
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Low Impact Development Practice Selection In general, the following information should be
considered when deciding what green infrastructure practices should be used on a development site:– Ability to Help Satisfy the Stormwater Management Criteria
(Table 7.1)– Overall Feasibility (Table 7.2)– Site Applicability (Table 7.3)
In addition, site planning and design teams should consider how the following site characteristics and constraints, which are commonly encountered in coastal Georgia, will influence the use of green infrastructure practices on a development site:– Poorly drained soils, such as hydrologic soil group C and D
soils– Well drained soils, such as hydrologic soil group A and B soils– Flat terrain– Shallow water table– Tidally-influenced drainage
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Table 7.1: Ability to Help Satisfy the Stormwater Management Criteria Table 7.1: How Low Impact Development Practices Can Be Used to Help Satisfy the Stormwater Management Criteria
Low Impact Development Practice
Stormwater RunoffReduction
Water Quality Protection
Aquatic Resource Protection
Overbank Flood Protection
Extreme Flood Protection
Alternatives to Disturbed Pervious Surfaces
Soil Restoration
“Credit”:Subtract 50% of any restored areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Subtract 50% of any restored areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored areas are equivalent to those of open space in good condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored areas are equivalent to those of open space in good condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored areas are equivalent to those of open space in good condition.
Site Reforestation/ Revegetation
“Credit”:Subtract 50% of any reforested revegetated areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Subtract 50% of any reforested/revegetated areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any reforested/revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in fair condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any reforested/revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in fair condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any reforested/revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in fair condition.
Soil Restoration with Site Reforestation/ Revegetation
“Credit”:Subtract 100% of any restored and reforested/ revegetated areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Subtract 100% of any restored and reforested/ revegetated areas from the total site area and re-calculate the runoff reduction volume (RRv) that applies to a development site.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored and reforested/ revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in good condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored and reforested/ revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in good condition.
“Credit”:Assume that the post-development hydrologic conditions of any restored and reforested/ revegetated areas are equivalent to those of a similar cover type in good condition.
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Table 7.2: Overall Feasibility
Table 7.2: Factors to Consider When Evaluating the Overall Feasibility of Green Infrastructure Practices
Green Infrastructure
PracticeDrainage Area Area Required Slope Minimum Head Minimum Depth
to Water Table Soils
Better Site Planning Techniques
Protect Primary Conservation Areas
N/A
10,000 SF minimum* to
receive stormwater management
“credits”
No restrictions N/A N/A No restrictions
Protect Secondary Conservation Areas
N/A
10,000 SF minimum* to
receive stormwater management
“credits”
Protect slopes >15% N/A N/A
No restrictions; protect erodible
soils
Better Site Design Techniques
Reduce Clearing and Grading Limits N/A No restrictions No restrictions N/A N/A No restrictions
Reduce Parking Lot Footprints N/A N/A No restrictions N/A N/A No restrictions
Low Impact Development Practices
Alternatives to Disturbed Pervious Surfaces
Soil Restoration N/A No restrictions 10% maximum N/A 1.5 FT C/D or disturbed soils
Site Reforestation/ Revegetation N/A
10,000 SF minimum* to
receive stormwater management
“credits”
No restrictions N/A N/A No restrictions
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Table 7.3: Site Applicability
Table 7.3: Factors to Consider When Evaluating the Applicability of Green Infrastructure Practices on a Development Site
Green Infrastructure Practice Rural Use Suburban Use Urban Use Construction Cost Maintenance
Better Site Planning Techniques
Protect Primary Conservation Areas Low Low
Protect Secondary Conservation Areas Low Low
Better Site Design Techniques
Reduce Clearing and Grading Limits Low Low
Low Impact Development Practices
Alternatives to Disturbed Pervious Surfaces
Soil Restoration Medium Low
Site Reforestation/ Revegetation Medium Low
Alternatives to Impervious Surfaces
Green Roofs High High
Permeable Pavement High High
“Receiving” Low Impact Development Practices
Conservation Areas Low Low
Vegetated Filter Strips Low Low
Grass Channels Low Medium
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Practice Selection:
We might have picked grass channels or dry swales for conveyance– But we protected the natural drainage
features as a secondary conservation area We might consider green roofs or
permeable pavement We might also think about rainwater
harvesting or stormwater planters Let’s start with bioretention areas and
sheetflow to conservation areas– Can use distributed landscaping areas to
“receive” stormwater runoff
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PEACHTREE GLEN – INNOVATIVE DESIGN
Drugstore
Shops
SupermarketRestaurant
Shops
Shops
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreasAreas
BioretentionBioretentionAreasAreas
Area 14.7 acArea 14.7 ac
Area 21.5 acArea 21.5 ac Area 3
3.8 acArea 33.8 ac
3.9 ac3.9 ac
0 100 200
Sheetflow toSheetflow toCons. AreaCons. Area
Sheetflow toSheetflow toCons. AreaCons. Area 1.8 ac1.8 ac
Sheetflow toSheetflow toCons. AreaCons. Area
Sheetflow toSheetflow toCons. AreaCons. Area
0.4 ac0.4 ac
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Bioretention
Area 1
Areas 2 & 3
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Apply Runoff Reduction “Credits”
Target RRv = 1.03 ac-ft Apply runoff reduction “credits”
for each of our low impact development practices– Site Planning & Design Worksheet
helps automate this process, so let’s go there…
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Check Stormwater Management Criteria
If we haven’t completely satisfied the criteria, we may want to go back to the concept plan to apply additional low impact development practices to further reduce post-construction stormwater runoff rates, volumes, and pollutant loads…
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Apply Stormwater Management Practices
If we determine that the criteria cannot be satisfied exclusively through the use of green infrastructure practices, the next step is to apply stormwater management practices to the site– Let’s try a stormwater pond to satisfy
the remainder of the criteria…
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PEACHTREE GLEN – INNOVATIVE DESIGN
Drugstore
Shops
SupermarketRestaurant
Shops
Shops
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
ConservationConservationAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreaArea
BioretentionBioretentionAreasAreas
BioretentionBioretentionAreasAreas
Area 14.7 acArea 14.7 ac
Area 21.5 acArea 21.5 ac Area 3
3.8 acArea 33.8 ac
3.9 ac3.9 ac
0 100 200
Overland Overland Flow AreaFlow AreaOverland Overland Flow AreaFlow Area 1.8 ac1.8 ac
StormwaterStormwaterPondPond
StormwaterStormwaterPondPond
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Stormwater Pond
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Moving on to Final Design
Discuss concept plan with local development review authority
Further develop stormwater management plan
Include details about green infrastructure and stormwater management practice design