Download - Migration in Africa Europe relations
Damien Helly, Deputy Head of Programme, EU External Action, ECDPM
& material by Anna Knoll, ECDPM21 October 2014
Migration in Africa Europe relationsKreisky Forum, Vienna, 6 September 2016
1. Some facts about recent trends in migration between Africa & Europe
2. Migration in Africa-Europe relations 2008-2014a) International Levelb) Policy Debates within the EUc) African Union and RECs
3. The Libya & Syria shocks 4. The EU managing the migration shocks5. The future of migration in Africa-Europe relations
Content
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1. Think and do tank working on Europe Africa relations and European development policies
2. Funded by 9 European governments3. Around 60 staff4. HQ in Maastricht & office in Brussels5. Regularly on mission in Africa
A few words about ECDPM
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• 232 Million International Migrants (2013) (3.2% population)
Some facts & figures
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1990 2000 2010 2013 20500
50100150200250300350400450
154 175221 232
415
InternationalMigration
stock
?
3.2%3.2%
2.8%2.9%
Source: FRAN and JORA data as of 3 June 2016. The data presented refer to detections of illegal border-crossing rather than the number of persons, as the same person may cross the external border several times. However, there is currently no EU system in place capable of tracing each person’s movements following an illegal border-crossing. Therefore, it is not possible to establish the precise number of persons who have illegally crossed the external border
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2. Migration in Africa-Europe relations2008-2014
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Migration in Home affairs1. Asylum policy – (Dublin)2. Common visa policy (Schengen)3. Bilateral readmission agreements
Migration in external action4. Bilateral level – migration agreements5. Continental level (Joint Africa Europe Strategy
partnership on mobility, movement & employment)6. Sub-regional levels (Cotonou Agreement – article 13,
regional integration and freedom of movement & intra-African mobility + climate induced migration)
Political Climate / Interests /
Political Economy
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European Union
Policy Agenda on Migration
(+external)Internal Debate
on CEAS
EU MS
African UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
Policy Landscape 2008-2014
North-South &South -South
Migration
• Migration within developing countries
• Forced Migration and protracted situations
• Climate change, migration and development
EU in 2014 – towards a broader understanding of migration and development
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External Policy Agenda on Migration
“Maximizing the development impact of migration” (2013)
Circular migration
Diaspora Remittances
Brain Drain
Forced Migration
Address links between climate
change and migration
Deepening understanding of social/economic consequences
Development Policy Actors
Migration Policy Actors
EU Agenda2008-2014
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European Union
External Policy Agenda on Migration
Circular migration
Diaspora Remittances
3. Migration and Development
2005 Global Approach on
Migration (GAM)
1. Legal Migration (management)
2. Irregular Migration (prevention and reduction)
2012 Global Approach on Migration and
Mobility (GAMM)
1. Legal migration and mobility
2. Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings
3. International protection and asylum policy
4. Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility
Brain Drain
3. The Libya & Syria shocks: new flows, new routes 2011-2014
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The Libya shocks: 1. End of Gadhafi regime & end of border control 2. Increase in migrant smuggling in Libya, Sahel & the
Horn – The 2013 Lampedusa tragedy & syndrome3. Push factors from Western Africa (Nigeria, Ghana,
Senegal) & the Horn (Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan)
The Syria shock: the Eastern Mediterranean route4. Tough EU asylum policies close borders5. No European agreement / appetite on asylum policy 6. Lebanon’s limits, Turkish fragility, smuggling
business from bad European governance to securitisation of debates & responses
Figures?
“Among these 3.8 million immigrants during 2014, there were an estimated 1.6 million citizens of non-member countries, 1.3
million people with citizenship of a different EU Member State”
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimates that more than 1,011,700migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and
almost 34,900 by land.
This compares with 280,000 arrivals by land and sea for the whole of 2014. The figures do not include those who got in undetected.
The EU's external border force, Frontex, monitors the different routes migrants use and numbers arriving at Europe's borders and put the figure crossing into Europe in 2015 at more than 1,800,000.
http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Migration_and_migrant_population_statistics
3. The new EU migration in Africa Europe relations: 2014-2016
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The Valetta shift: 1. Summit and declaration 2. High level dialogues – Migration partnerships (only 3
– in comparison to 12 ENP countries) but 35 dialogues ongoing (Nigeria & Ethiopia have signed)
3. EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa
The new EU migration compact & foreign policy:4. Rhetorical & conceptual shift: a migration-driven
foreign policy5. An earthquake in Development & humanitarian
policies6. Negative conditionality + carrots & sticks7. Focus on quick wins and political expediency
New EU Agenda2015-2016
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European Union
External Policy Agenda on Migration
2016 Migration compact
2012 Global Approach on Migration and
Mobility (GAMM)1. Legal migration and
mobility2. Irregular migration
and trafficking in human beings
3. International protection and asylum policy
4. Maximizing development impact of migration and mobility
1. New financial instruments + country partnerships
2. Readmission & return w/ incentives
3. Irregular migration and trafficking in human beings
4. International protection and asylum policy
5. Root causes of migration
6. Create legal routes7. Save lives at sea
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4. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond
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The implementation challenge: 1. Impact on “root causes” will take several years to
be assessed (or not) – example of youth employment and vocational training
2. Fruitful cooperation3. Sustainability requires adequate monitoring
evaluation & evidence-based knowledge production 4. (Dev/Humanitarian)
The confidence challenge:5. Return vs mobility6. Conditionality & interests 7. Intercultural challenges – within Europe and
between African & Europeans
4. The future: migration in Africa Europe relations: 2016 & beyond
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Some options 1. Combination with achieved freedom of movement
within Africa (ECOWAS experience)2. Suggestion of enlarged South-South mobility space
(Maghreb-West Africa) 3. Relevance of continental level in Africa for standards
& objectives/visions (Agenda 2063)4. Investing in non state actors in Africa-Europe
relations: non state actors managing migration dynamics:
- remittances, business, circular migration.
• Many reasons (often mixed)• Protect life and liberty (desperation migration/forced
migration due to conflict, war, natural disasters etc.)
• Pursue enhancement of livelihoods and lifestyles (moving out of choice for new lifestyles) ‘economic migration’
Often difficult to identify single reason for moving yet often for seeking employment
Reasons for migration
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Why do we talk about migration and development.... And what do we mean by it?
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Migration Development
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“... Migration is the original strategy for people seeking to escape poverty, mitigate risk, and build a better life. It has been with us since the dawn of mankind, and its economic impact today is massive.“
(Peter Sutherland, UN Special Representative for International Migration)
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Migration
Development
+
-
Social cohesion
Fiscal stress
MDGsEducation
Healthgender
Poverty Reduction
Social impact/ well-
being
Economic• Labour
Market• Inequality
Remittances
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Migration and Development
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Remittances
National Level
• Increase national income (if formally transferred)
• gain creditworthiness
• stabilize national balance of payments accounts
• Rise in inflation
• Aggravation of regional inequalities between receiving and non-receiving areas
• No benefit to long-term growth
Household level
• Afford basic needs (food, education, etc.) – Poverty reduction
• Potentially increase local capital for investment
Negative: • Increase on prices
(of land) etc.
• Food SecurityTo what degree is heightened mobility related to problems of food insecurity? Food security shocks and chronic food insecurity as major motives for migration for income-generating opportunity. For those with less resources may lead to further fragility/insecurity.
• Climate Change – Migration as adaptation strategyChanges in migration patterns can be responses to both extreme weather events and longer-term climate variability and change and migration can also be an effective adaptation strategy. IPCC, UNFCCC increasingly recognize this link
• Peace&SecurityLivelihood strategy in post-conflict societies (Pakistan, Nepal)Pressure on social systems and social cohesion Taking account of ‘returning’ migrants in peace- and statebuilding
Link with development dimensions
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8 Point Plan 1. Protect the human rights of all migrants 2. Reduce the costs of labour migration 3. Eliminate migrant exploitation including human
trafficking 4. Address the plight of stranded migrants5. Improve public perceptions of migrants6. Integrate migration into the development agenda7. Strengthen the migration evidence base8. Enhance migration partnerships and cooperation
UN High Level Dialogue 2013
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International and Post-2015
Goal 8 Sustainable economic growth/ decent work• Promote labour rights and promote safe and secure
working environments of all workers, including migrant workers, particularly women migrants…
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries• Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration
and mobility of people, including through implementation of planned and well-managed migration policies
• By 2030, reduce to less than 3% the transaction costs of migrant remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than 5%
Post-2015 OWG Text
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International and Post-2015
• separate debate on the Common European Asylum System (CEAS), • responsibility sharing and solidarity among MS
• Fight against irregular migration & “Fortress Europe” without providing safe & legal channels (MS) Exacerbating the situations of irregular migrants
• External dimension of migration and internal management inextricably linked
EU agenda – Internal issues
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European Union
Internal Debate on CEAS
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“Money should not be spent building
the walls in Europe [...] but to dismantle
the walls in countries [of the
South]”
“Equally important is the need to work on
the link between migration and development”
“Legal migration is a fence against illegal
migration ”
• 2006 Migration Policy Framework for AfricaM&D: Brain Drain, Diaspora, Remittances
• Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking of Human Beings
• African Common Position on Migration and Development • “Migration as effective tool for development”
• Post-2015 CAP notes migration and development
• RECsFree labour migration provisions, e.g. EAC Common Market Protocol Article 10 “free movement of workers” – progress but difficult to fully implement; SADC region more restrictive
African Union & RECs
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African Union, RECs
What implications for ECDPM work on migration and development issues?
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Political Climate / Interests /
Political Economy
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European Union
External Policy Agenda
Internal Debate on CEAS
EU MS
African UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
ECDPM
Political Climate / Interests /
Political Economy
Page 36ECDPM
European Union
External Policy Agenda
Internal Debate on CEAS
EU MS
African UnionPolicy Agenda
RECs
RECs
RECs RECs
Practice
International and Post-2015
Future ECDPM work?
Moving agendas
Risks
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• Policy Momentum stays at the global level but no traction nationally
• Topic of migration remains politically sensitive in many countries in South and North
• Funding: • Already Existing
research by ACP- OBS
• Larger scale research (e.g. OECD)
Opportunities• Increased momentum• Integration of migration in
development planning recognised more widely
• In which ECDPM areas do you see scope for future ECDPM engagement in the topic of migration and development?
• What are the opportunities and challenges to look more at the level of practice and feed experiences back to policy level?
• From the perspective of various programmes, where do you see the dimension of migration as being relevant?
Discussion
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Thank youwww.ecdpm.org
www.slideshare.net/ecdpm
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According to World Bank73 million forced migrants
Forced Migrants (international&national)
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33.3
21.9
16.71.2
Migrants in Mio.
IDPs - conflictIDPs natural disasterRefugeesAsylum Seekers
Many more undocumented?