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Micropower Impulse Radio [MIR] (U)Tom Rosenbury, J. Hernandez, F. Dowla, Doug Poland, John Chang,
Pete Estacio, Greg Dallum, Mark Vigars, Mike Newman, Pat Welsh, Garth Pratt, C. Romero, K. Waltjen, D. Benzel, A. Spiridon,
R. Leach, R. Simpson, G. Governo, H. Jones, Dan Haynes, JoAn Levy
Jan 2002
[email protected], L-290Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550925 423-7510, 422-3358 fax
Micropower Impulse Radio [MIR] (U)Tom Rosenbury, J. Hernandez, F. Dowla, Doug Poland, John Chang,
Pete Estacio, Greg Dallum, Mark Vigars, Mike Newman, Pat Welsh, Garth Pratt, C. Romero, K. Waltjen, D. Benzel, A. Spiridon,
R. Leach, R. Simpson, G. Governo, H. Jones, Dan Haynes, JoAn Levy
Jan 2002
[email protected], L-290Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
7000 East Ave., Livermore, CA 94550925 423-7510, 422-3358 fax
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Outline
IntroductionWideband wireless technologyWTC ResponseApplicationsConclusions
Motion SensingBreathing SensingHeartbeat sensorSecurity ShellElectronic TripwireRifle SensorAimpoint SensorShipment Security Sensor System (LS4)Satellite security SensorProximity FuzeSatellite Approach SensorThrough-Wall Position SensorImaging Sensor HERMES Bridge Inspection
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LLNL was created to design and test nuclear weapons
• Multidisciplinary laboratory - Engineers and physicists developing technology in a (secure) university setting
• Impulses from the beginning - Electric impulses were used to initiate nuclear events and electromagnetic impulses result
• Accept the big challenge - Over 7000 technical personnel and over $10B in capital facilities means LLNL can tackle large complex projects
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Simplified MIR block diagram showing gated receiver
MIR TimingIF
Amplifier
MIR Tx
Antennas
Sample & Hold
MIR Tx
~ 1 ns
Gated mixer "clocks in" the return waveform at
increasing intervals (~10 ps)
Transmit Time 0 ms 1 ms 2 ms
• • •
Receive Time
0 ms + 10ps 1 ms + 20ps 2 ms + 30ps
• • •
Result represents target return
Scope, A/D, etc.
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0 5 10 15 20Frequency [GHz]
1
2
3
4
VSW
R
5
1.55:1 max
-30
-20
-10
0
10
0 5 10 15 20Frequency [GHz]
Gai
n [d
Bi]
Features:Wideband (1.5 - 20 GHz)Impulse (50 Ω match, DC - 20 GHz)Beamwidths 15° to 360°)Compact (e.g. 3 in x 1.7 in for 90°)Lightweight (45 g)
LLNL developed high performance antennas for micropower impulse radar applications
90°
3 - 6 m
Rosenbury 96
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Primary Advantages - Stealth and Low Power
Watch battery
9V battery
• Wideband signals are virtually undetectable
• Tested at top USN, Army & Luga facilities - no detection!
• Religion is “Small, Light & Cheap”
• Many other advantages derive from using impulses...
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Emergency Responseto the WTC Attack
Emergency Responseto the WTC Attack
Sensor Search and Rescue EffortsSept 13-Sept 19
Sensor Search and Rescue EffortsSept 13-Sept 19
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Three sensors were used at the WTC site
Key FeaturesKey Features• Detects breathing• Battery Operated (1 hr)• Visual LCD display• Two-piece unit
• Detects Motion• Battery Operated (6 days)• Visual LED display
• Detects Motion• Battery Operated (6 days)• Visual LED display• Water-resistant
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What’s next ...
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MIR could indicate motion inside
70% of urban assault casualties occur at the entrance
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Squad tool could also see through smoke or sheetrock walls
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Detection of breathing signals through reinforced concrete using the Rubble Rescue Radar
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Fourier Transform of Breathing Signal
Am
plit
ud
e
Frequency (Hz.)
peak at 0.255 Hz.
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0 10 20 30 40 50
Normal Breathing Signal Through 2 Slabs
Sig
nal
(V
.)
Time (sec.)
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Dielectric antennas improve MIR heart monitor signal response and reduce package size
0 15-10
0
10
Time [sec]
Volts
0 15-10
0
10
Time [sec]
Volts
Larger signal with less noise
Much smaller
package
Rosenbury 98
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Each MIR covers 90° azimuth and might have multiple uses
Four MIR’s Form360° Bubble
MIR MIR
MIRMIR
Troops Sleep Here
MIR
Individual MIR used forTrail Ambush or Trap
Range gate provides precise protective “bubble” “Stealthy” signal is difficult to detect Quadrant sensor could protect sleeping troops
MIR
MIR
Troops Sleep Here
Individual MIR’sGaurd Building
Access
Rosenbury 98
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LLNL electronic trip-wire
Contact closure (120Ω)
Off-On switch
Pull pin (starts timer)
Indicator LED’s • Second red = Fire • First red = Armed • Green flashing = Timer started
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70% of urban assault casualties occur at entrances
ISS might detect interior motion through closed doors
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Multichannel system may allow point and shoot capability
Today: sense motion (4’ - 100’)
Monopulse beampatternused for precision pointing
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Monopulse works by subtracting the two beams and driving a control loop to zero
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Micro-power impulse radar may be modified for use aboard autonomous space vehicles for precise ranging
Radar
Precise position is important:
For collision avoidance
For remote or autonomous control
MIR’s precise position measurement capability may provide a solution Low cost
Low Power
Rugged and compact
Rosenbury 98
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Majority of off-shore gross tonnage is containerized and is currently not protected from WMD shipments
Sea - Nearly standard shipping containers
Land - Large shipping containers
Air - Shipping containers
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LLNL Shipping Security Sensor Suite (LS4) could provide onboard sensing for shipping containers and trailers
LS4 could be small, unobtrusive and fit the variety of containers in industry
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CameraFoam Protects
Flash
StyrofoamPeanuts
Invisible to Sensor
Proximity fuze sensor demonstrates revolutionary capability for small munitions
0
50
100
150
200
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Height AGL [ft]
Let
hal A
rea
[m2
]
Lethality increases dramatically with burst height
High Speed
Camera
Foam Protects
Flash
Styrofoam Peanuts Invisible to Sensor Ruler
MIR Fuze
Sensor
Dry Sand
QuickTime™ and aComponent Video decompressorare needed to see this picture.
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Coherent pulse addition has been demonstrated
• Alignment achieved with simple variable resistor (potentiometer)
• High-speed, low-cost A/D could be used for time alignment
• Scalable technique (unlimited number of elements possible)
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Wideband Radar Imaging: Simulation Showing Detection & Imaging Capabilities of Motion Through Walls
Transmitter Receiver Array
Simulation parametersRadar access from outside of one wallRoom size: 3 x 3 metersMotion of people is less than 1 cmBistatic data acquisition
single transmitterlinear array of receivers (100 elements)frequency band: 1 GHz to 4 GHz
Wood Walls & Objects
Radar Image of Stationary Scene Radar Image of Motion Only
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Hand-held Impulse Radar for NDE
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Radar imaging of a utility pole
Utility pole containing a fissureRotational Stage Testbedangle
Reconstructed slice of utility pole clearly shows the fissure
time
Radar data from a 360 degree circular monostatic scan of the utility pole
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“HERMES will revolutionize the way bridge inspection is done…” Erol Kaslan, Caltrans
Drag chain
New inspection method“Image” the subsurface
Radar array
Old inspection method“Listen” for damage
Remove asphalt
• Non destructive and inexpensive• Travels at highway speeds• 1-inch resolution in 3D
to 1-foot depth
• Destructive and costly• Requires closure of bridge
(inconvenience)• Poor resolution (feet)
Estimated savings in U.S. = $25 million dollars per year.Target the critical bridges; reduce unnecessary repairs.
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HERMES uses 64 impulse radars to scan the bridge deck at highway speeds
Acquisition phaseCalibration phase Analysis phase
20 m
2 m
15 m
25-cm depth
Delamination
Unconsolidated
64 channels of raw data
Rebar
Currently 90% correlation with
known flaws
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Radar 3D tomographic imaging
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LLNL’s Engineering Support Department
Coordination & Quality Control Drafting & Phototooling
Engineering Support
Rapid Prototype Service CentersSpecial Processing
Field Support Installation/ElectronicsInstrumentation &
Control Systems Development
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Summary
We would like to participate
• Patented technology
• Resources —Management experience —Technical talent—Advanced engineering facilities
• Experience in:—Microwave system development—GPR arrays & SAR imaging—Communications—Diagnostic & Instrument Devp’t—Commercializing when complete
MIR/06-15-00-03