Download - Michael Walsh on Mazda
11
International Trends in International Trends in Environmental Regulations for Environmental Regulations for
VehiclesVehiclesSantiago, ChileSantiago, Chile
May 13, 2008May 13, 2008
Michael P. WalshMichael P. WalshInternational ConsultantInternational Consultant
Chairman, Board of Directors,Chairman, Board of Directors,International Council on Clean International Council on Clean
TransportationTransportation
Major Global TrendsMajor Global Trends
• Environmental Concerns Increasing– Particles– Global Warming
• Cleaner and Cleaner Technologies Entering Marketplace– Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles– Passenger Cars– Motorcycles
• Cleaner Fuels Increasingly Critical– Sulfur Levels Approaching Zero– Lead Almost Gone; MMT Increasing Concern
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Calendar Year
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Millions
MotorcyclesCommercial VehiclesCars
World Motor Vehicle Population
Growth of Vehicle Population in Shanghai, Growth of Vehicle Population in Shanghai, 1988-20021988-2002
44
E:\Changhong CHEN\对外合作 \能源基金会 \交通项目 \基础数据 \机动车统计报表 .xls
Most Vehicles Are In Cities
55
One Result: Serious Health One Result: Serious Health ConcernsConcerns
• WHO Concludes ~ 800,000 Premature Deaths Each Year From Urban PM
• Numerous Studies Consistently Link PM With Premature Deaths, Hospital Admissions, Asthma Attacks, Etc.
• No Evidence of a Threshold
• Ozone, NO2, Various Toxics Also Serious Health Concerns
Slide Slide 66 Source: Cohen et al, 2005
PMPM10 10 inin Major citiesMajor cities
9%
-8%
24%
-4%
-17%
Energy IndustriesManufacturing Industries and Construction
TransportationOther Sectors
Fugitive Emissions-20%
-10%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Change 1990-2004 (%)
Annex 1 Party Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Energy Sector
• Energy Demand in the Transport Sector: Annual Average Growth Rate (%) by Region 2004 - 2030
In 2004,94 % of transport energy based on fossil oil.
The share will only slightly decrease to 93 % in 2030.
Source: IEA WEO 2006
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Wor
ldOECD
OECD Nor
th A
mer
icaUSA
OECD Pac
ific
Japa
n
OECD Eur
ope
Europ
ean
Union
Trans
ition
Econo
mies
Russia
Develo
ping
Count
ries
Develo
ping
Asia
ChinaIn
dia
Latin
Am
erica
Brazil
Midd
le Eas
t
Africa
Gro
wth
(%
p.a
.)Background
Carbon Dioxide is Not The Whole Story!
Transportation sector prioritiesTransportation sector priorities
1010
6
4
4
3
5 5
344
6
5
~60
4
4
2030 mitigation potential
2030 BAU emissions
Industry Buildings Transport Forestry Agriculture/ waste/ other
Power
Target
Unknown mitigation
“Known”mitigation ~25
>30
3 key interventions
• Fuel-efficient, low Emitting cars• Low-carbon fuels• Reduced vehicle-miles traveled through
congestion pricing, Bus Rapid Transit, etc.
Slide Slide 1111
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022
MIL
ES
PE
R G
ALL
ON
(All
cou
ntr
ies
con
vert
ed
to C
AFE
test
UNITED STATES EUROPEJAPAN AUSTRALIACANADA CHINACALIFORNIA S. KOREA
JAPAN
UNITED STATES
EUROPEAN UNION
CHINA AUSTRALIA
CANADA
S. KOREA
CALIFORNIA+ 16 STATES
Dotted line: Proposed or contestedSolid lines: Enacted
Source: Passenger Vehicle Greenhouse Gas and Fuel Economy Standards: A Global Update, International Council on Clean Transportation, 2007
Standardized Comparison of International Fuel Economy and GHG Standards
1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 20090
1
2
3
4
5
Grams/KilometerNOx Emissions Standards
US Gasoline
US Diesel
EU Gasoline
EU Diesel
EU and US Passenger Car Exhaust Emissions Standards
Technology Capable of Cleaning Vehicle Emissions Has Improved Dramatically in the Past 30-40 Years
The Three-way Catalytic Converter: A Familiar Technology Re-Engineered for High Performance in
Close-coupled and Underfloor Applications
•Layered washcoat architectures and support materials with high thermal stability•Integrated HC adsorption functions• Mounting materials with improved durability• High cell density ceramic or metallic substrates• Insulation schemes for heat management
Maximum Emissions Performance Is Only Achieved With Near Zero Sulfur Fuel
Diesel Particulate FiltersDiesel Particulate Filters
Trapped PMCell Plugs
Exhaust(PM, CO, HC)Enter
Ceramic HoneycombWall
Exhaust (CO2, H2O)Out
Issues to balance:
•sulfate formation
•regeneration and back pressure
•Fuel Economy
Reductions:
•-80 to 95% PM
•-80-100% HC, CO
•-80%+ toxins
How The Trap FunctionsHow The Trap Functions
Typical engine exhaust mass and number Typical engine exhaust mass and number weighted size distributions shown with weighted size distributions shown with
alveolar depositionalveolar deposition
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.001 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000
Diameter (m)
No
rmal
ized
Co
nce
ntr
atio
n,
dC
/Cto
tal/d
log
Dp
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Alv
eola
r D
epo
siti
on
Fra
ctio
n
Mass Weighting Number Weighting Alveolar Deposition Fraction
Fine
ParticlesDp < 2.5 m
Ultrafine ParticlesDp < 100 nm
Nanoparticles
Dp < 50 nm
NucleiMode
AccumulationMode
CoarseMode
PM10
Dp < 10 m
Fractional deposition of particle with density of 1 g/um
from non grey..from non grey..
Gasoline and LPG
G-DI
Conventional Diesel
Comparison of Particle Emissions from SMPS.7: All Vehicles and Fuels - 50kph
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1.00E+09
1.00E+10
1.00E+11
1.00E+12
1.00E+13
1 10 100 1000
Electrical Mobility Diameter/nm
log
sc
ale
[P
art
icle
s/k
m]
Conventional Diesels
DirectInjectionGasoline
Trap Equipped Diesels
MPI and LPG
Gasoline
1818
Current DPF Applications Current DPF Applications
Millions of cars are equipped with DPF around world
Air Tank
UreaTank
Catalyst Input Temperature
Catalyst Output Temperature
Engine
SCR Connector
ECM
Dosing Unit
J1939 (Public)
Air Solenoid
Urea Sensor
SC
R C
on
tro
l
Exhaust Gas Processor
SCR Solution System Architecture
20
Emissions control system for Euro VI Oxidation catalyst (DOC), catalyst-based particulate filter and urea-SCR with ammonia slip catalyst (ASC).
MixerSCR + ASCDOC
(optional)NOx sensor
NOx sensor
California’s ZEV History
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1990 1998 1999 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
AT PZEVs
PZEVsZEV Regulation
PZEVs created
CaFCP Started
AT PZEVs Created
ZEV Reg Implementation
FC Buses on-road
ZEV - Status Goals:
– Drive development of ZEVs– Supports bridging technologies like Hybrids– Maximizes air quality benefits with PZEVs
Status– PZEVs marketed by all automakers subject to the regulation, 425,000 PZEVs
sold to date– Hybrids very successful in the marketplace, 70,000 AT PZEV hybrids sold to
date– 100 Fuel cell vehicles being placed in California in real world demonstration
fleets
Honda Civic Hybrid AT PZEV
Near-Zero Emission Vehicles
Lifetime emissions (VOC+NOx)
Partial Zero Emissions Vehicles (PZEVs)Currently 20 models for sale, including 4 HEVs250,000 annual sales (14%) in 20051,000,000 sales by 2015 (55%)
Model Year VOC + NOx (kg) Reduction
1970 1900 --
2005 ‘PZEV’ 8 99.6%
Near-Zero Emission Vehicles
•BMW 325i
•Chrysler Sebring
•Ford Focus
•Ford Fusion
•Ford Escape HEV
•Honda Accord
•Honda Civic HEV
•Honda insight HEV
•Hyundai Elantra
•Kia Spectra
•Mazda 3
•Mazda 6
•Mitsubishi Galant
•Nissan Altima
•Nissan Sentra
•Subaru Outback
•Toyota Camry
•Toyota Prius HEV
•VW Jetta
•Volvo S40
Fleet Demonstrations
100 Fuel cell light duty vehicles to date
Up to 7 Fuel cell buses
Testing, outreach, data collection, validation
ZEV Technology Review - CARBZEV Technology Review - CARB
Plug In Hybrids Are EmergingPlug In Hybrids Are Emerging
Electric bikes in China, P.R.Electric bikes in China, P.R.
•China Produced Approximately 15 Million Electric bikes in 2007
•This dramatic growth has been largely due to legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and motorcycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several major Chinese cities
Sources: Cherry, 2006; Weinert, 2006
Which Countries Are Getting Which Countries Are Getting Clean Technologies?Clean Technologies?
• Clean Fuels
• Stringent Standards Including Advanced Technology Mandates
• Strong Incentives– Economic– Other
My Global Vision For 2015My Global Vision For 2015
• Every New Diesel Has PM Filter & Low NOx
• Gasoline Vehicles Approaching ZERO Emissions
• Hybrid Technologies (Including Plug In Hybrids) Are Mature, Widespread Technology
• Small Battery Electric Vehicles (City) Vehicles Widely Used
• Fuel Cell Vehicle Numbers Increasing
What Is The Situation Today in What Is The Situation Today in SantiagoSantiago
• Good Fuel Quality < 50 PPM Sulfur But Not Taking Advantage of This To Introduce Diesel Filters Widely – Should Be Highest Priority
• Much Cleaner Gasoline Vehicles Are Feasible, Especially With Low S in 2009
• Incentives For Hybrids Could Be Expanded
A Short Term Plan For SantiagoA Short Term Plan For Santiago
• Tighten Requirements Sufficiently To Require PM Filters on New Diesel Cars and Buses
• Lower Diesel Sulfur to 10/15 PPM• Introduce Euro 5 or Tier 2 Bin 5 for All New
Cars and Light Trucks• Introduce Euro 3 For Motorcycles• Implement ASM Based Centralized I/M For
All Light Duty Vehicles
ITALY
GREECE
BULGARIA
ROMANIA
HUNGARY
SERBIA
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
GERMANY POLAND
SLOVAKIA
CZECH REPUBLIC
SWITZERLAND
NETHERLANDS
BELGIUM
CROATIA
SLOVENIA
BOSNIA
UNITEDKINGDOM
IRELAND
NORWAY
SWEDENFINLAND
ICELAND
ALBANIA MACEDONIA
DENMARK
LUXEMBOURG
ANDORRA
MALTA
MONACO
Europe
Europe OverviewEurope Overview
• 2007 Developments– Light Duty Euro 5 & 6 Adopted (Too Slow But
# Added)– Truck & Bus Euro VI Proposed By
Commission
Euro 4 2005Euro 5 2009/10
Euro 6 2014/15US Tier 2 Avg
ARB SULEV0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Grams/Km
Gasoline NOx Diesel NOx Diesel PMx10
EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and EU and US Light Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicle StandardsDiesel Vehicle Standards
Euro 5+ and Euro 6 Will Include 6X1011 /km Particle Number Limit
Comparison of NOx and PM regulations Comparison of NOx and PM regulations for HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and Europefor HD diesel vehicle among Japan, USA and Europe
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 2 4 6
NOx g/kWh
PM
g/k
Wh
1997
JAPAN
2003JAPAN
2005JAPAN
2005EURO4
2000EURO3
1998US
2004US
2008EURO5
2007US
2009JAPAN2009
JAPANChallenging
value
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0 2 4 6
NOx g/kWh
PM
g/k
Wh
1997
JAPAN
2003JAPAN
2005JAPAN
2005EURO4
2000EURO3
1998US
2004US
2008EURO5
2007US
2009JAPAN2009
JAPANChallenging
value
United StatesUnited States
Reconciling the Diesel Engine With the Environment:Reconciling the Diesel Engine With the Environment:
A Comprehensive ApproachA Comprehensive Approach
Tier 2 Light-duty (1999)
2007/2010 Heavy-duty
(2001)
Tier 4 diesel (2004)
Common Aspects--• Systems approach– fuel
change enables clean technologies
• Large environmental benefits• Responsive to needs of States
to meet air quality goals• Collaborative process
Highway
Nonroad Locomotive/Marine
* This figure is intended to illustrate the timeline for the final highway and nonroad diesel fuel sulfur control programs. It is not drawn to exact scale. Refer to 40 CFR Part 80 for specific program dates.
All Diesel
~3400 ppm
All Diesel
~3400 ppm
HighwayDiesel
500ppm
HighwayDiesel
500ppm
All Off-Highway Diesel~3400 ppm
All Off-Highway Diesel~3400 ppm
>80%15 ppm>80%
15 ppm
<20% 500 ppm<20% 500 ppm
AllHighway15 ppm
AllHighway15 ppm
10/199310/1993 06/200606/2006 01/201001/2010
Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*Highway + Nonroad Diesel Fuel Sulfur Specs*
NR, L&M Diesel500 ppm
NR, L&M Diesel500 ppm
NR 15 ppmNR 15 ppm
6/20076/2007 6/20106/2010
HWYHWYNRNR
L&M 500 ppmL&M
500 ppm
6/20146/2014
HHF ~3400ppmHHF ~3400ppm
Small 15 ppm Small 15 ppm
6/20126/2012
Small & Credit500 ppm
Small & Credit500 ppm
Small & Credit ~3400Small & Credit ~3400
HHF ~3400ppmHHF ~3400ppm
L&M 15ppm
over 3 million
40,000
lost work days
hospitaladmissions
chronic bronchitis
premature deaths
number prevented annually (in 2030)0 10,000 20,000 30,000
Health Benefits Are Tremendous!
The Benefits Far Outweigh The CostsThe Benefits Far Outweigh The Costs
40,000
cost
benefitTotal Cost: $11 billionTotal Cost: $11 billionTotal Benefits: $175 billionTotal Benefits: $175 billion
0 20 40 60 80 100
Tier 4 Nonroad
2007 Heavy-dutyHighway
Tier 2 Light-dutyHighway
$ Billion Annually in 2030
30 % PZEV“10%” Mandate42% by volume
2 % AT PZEV11%
~1%
ZEV
ZEV Program (2012 – 2014) Current ZEV
Program
ZEV ProgramZEV Program
ZEV Technology Review - CARBZEV Technology Review - CARB
ChinaChina
HARBIN
SHENYANG
TIANJINÜRÜMQI
LANZHOUXI´AN SHANGHAI
WUHANCHENGDU
GUANGZHOU
LHASA
BEIJING
Status of Air Quality Status of Air Quality PM10 levels in Major Chinese Cities (1999 – 2005)
0
50
100
150
200
250
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
co
nce
ntr
atio
ns in
µg
/m3
Beijing
Guangzhou
Guiyang
Jinan
Luoyang
Shanghai
ShijazhuangTianjin
Urumqi
Wuhan
Xi’an
NAAQS Class II PM10 limit = 100µg/m3
China’s GDPChina’s GDP
7
8
9
10
11
12
Year
GDP
annu
al g
rowt
h %
3. 5 t r i l l i on US$
Urbanization Rate in ChinaUrbanization Rate in China
303234363840424446
19961997 1998199920002001 2002200320042005 20062007Year
Urba
n Po
pula
tion
Rat
io:
%
200 mi l l i on peopl e moved to ci t i es si nce 1996
New Vehicle Sales Are BoomingNew Vehicle Sales Are Booming
No. 2 largest auto market
1
3
5
7
9
Mill
ions
Crude oil prod’n & consum’nCrude oil prod’n & consum’n> 40% oil import dependence
150
200
250
300
350
Mill
ion
Tons
Producti on Consumpti on
Motor Vehicle Growth ForecastMotor Vehicle Growth Forecast
2005 2008 2015 2025 20352-W 55.3 78.1 146.7 193.2 130.43-W 2.0 1.5 1.7 0.3 0.0HCV 10.4 13.9 19.9 29.3 37.5LCV 9.4 13.1 22.8 37.7 52.9
Car, SUV 12.9 23.4 56.8 115.8 192.790.0 130.0 248.0 376.4 413.6
Class
Grand Total
0
1
2
3
1
#REF!
#REF!
0
100
200
300
400
500Million Vehicles
9 xby 2025
3.5 x
by 2025
Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plcSee: http://segmenty.com
China OverviewChina Overview
• 2007 Developments– Euro 3 (Euro III) Standards Introduced Nationally– Euro 4 (IV) Adopted by Beijing (January 1, 2008)– 50 PPM Sulfur Adopted by Beijing (January 1, 2008)– MMT Maximum Reduced From 18 to 16 Nationally and to 6 in Beijing– SEPA Now Ministry of Environmental Protection
• Looking Ahead– Continue Clean Fuels Push– Introduce Euro 4 (IV) Nationally– Accelerate in Other Cities (Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen,) – Compliance Program– Retrofits
Electric bikes in China, P.R.Electric bikes in China, P.R.•Electric bikes in China increased
from only 40,000 in 1998 to 10 million in 2005 to ~15 in 2007
•Sales increased from about 7.5 million units in in 2004 to 10 million units in 2005 to ~ 15 in 2007
•This dramatic growth has been largely due to legislation banning gasoline fuelled scooters and motorcycles, introduced from 1996 onwards in several major Chinese cities•The most problematic issue with electric bikes is the use of lead acid batteries that have high lead loss rates during the production, manufacturing and recycling processes
Sources: Cherry, 2006; Weinert, 2006
Hong Kong’s ApproachHong Kong’s Approach
• 1/1/2006 – New Gasoline Cars Meet Euro 4 standards
• 1/1/2006 – New Diesel Cars Meet CA LEV2 standards
• 1/1/2007 – Light Trucks Between 2.5-3.5 tons Meet Euro 4 standards
• 10/1/2006 – New standards will be Introduced for Trucks over 3.5 tons
• ULSD (Maximum 50 PPM) Required; Lower Sulfur Fuels (10 PPM) Encouraged By Tax Policy
5454
IndiaIndia
Vehicle population growth in Vehicle population growth in India India
2005 2008 2015 2025 20352-W 35.8 46.1 87.7 174.1 236.43-W 2.3 3.0 5.3 8.8 13.1HCV 2.4 2.9 4.6 9.1 16.2LCV 2.4 3.2 5.7 12.5 26.9
Car, SUV 6.2 8.8 18.0 41.6 80.149.1 63.9 121.3 246.1 372.7
Class
Grand Total
0
1
2
3
1
#REF!
#REF!
0
100
200
300
400
500Million Vehicles
Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y plcSee: http://segmenty.com
6.7 x
by 2025
5 xby 2025
New Vehicle Standards in IndiaNew Vehicle Standards in India
• Entire Country– Euro 2 – April 2005– Euro 3 – April 2010
• Major Cities– Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad & Ahmedabad, Pune Surat, Kanpur & Agra Euro 3 in 2005 & Euro 4 in 2010
– Tighter emission norms for all private vehicles, city public service vehicles and city commercial vehicles
• Euro 3 From April 2005• Euro 4 From April 2010
BrazilBrazil
BrazilBrazil
• Passenger Cars & Light Commercial Vehicles– US EPA 1983 Standards Since 1997– Tier 1 Phased in 2005-2007 (40/70/100%)– FedLev in 2009 (Phase in)– No Diesel Cars Allowed
• Heavy Duty Trucks & Buses– Euro 3 Phased in 2004-2006– Euro 4 in 2009
• Fuels– See Diesel Fuel Phase In Schedule– Gasoline S from 1000 to 400 in 2004 & to 80 in 2008
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
D 2000 73% 73% 73% 63% 58% 53% 5% 5% 5% 5%
D 500 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 27% 60% 45% 30% 15%
D 50 10% 15% 20% 35% 50% 65% 80%
% ESTIMADO DE PRODUÇÃO
ÓLEO DIESEL INTERIOR
2a BOMBA (PUMP)
ÓLEO DIESEL FERROVIÁRIO E P/ TERMOELÉTRICAS
ÓLEO DIESEL 500
ÓLEO DIESEL METROPOLITANO
ÓLEO DIESEL 50
ÓLEO DIESEL AUTOMOTIVO
Exhaust Emission Standards in Korea
Gasoline Passenger Car - ULEV of LEV-2 standard (of CARB) applied from 2006. - LEV 2 NMOG Standard Applied in 2009
Diesel HDV - EURO-4 standard applied from 2006.10/2008.1. - EURO-V standard introduced 9/09-2011
Diesel Passenger Car - EURO-4 starts from 2006 - EURO 5 starts from 2009
Diesel LDT - EURO-4 applied from 2006.1/2007.1 - EURO 5 applied from 9/2010 to 2012
Sulfur in Fuels 1/1/200650 PPM Gasoline30 PPM Diesel
Worldwide Motorcycle Emission Worldwide Motorcycle Emission RegulationsRegulations
Japan
III Stage (2008)HC+NOx:1.0~1.25CO: 1.0~1.25
ChinaII Stage (2004)ECE40HC: 1.2NOx:0.3CO: 5.510,000 km
EuropeEU II (2003)ECE40Cold StartHC: 1.0NOx:0.3CO: 3.0
EU III (2006)HC: 0.8NOx:0.15CO: 2.030,000 km
(2006/2007)ECE40Cold StartHC: 0.3/0.5NOx:0.15CO: 2.012,000/24,000 km
IV Stage (2004)ECE40Cold StartHC+NOx:2.0CO: 7.015,000 km
Taiwan
II Stage (2005)IDC Cold StartHC+NOx:1.5CO: 1.530,000 km
India
Note: I/M (Inspection and Maintenance)
Life-cycle Emission Control Life-cycle Emission Control
Certification
Conformity of Production
Recall Program
I/M Program (annual idle test, roadside idle test), etc.
New VehicleDevelopment
Vehicle in Warranty Vehicle End-of-Life Dismantling
New Vehicle selective enforcement audit
4th year
Incentive PolicyRetiring old and purchasing injection motorcycle
Certification
Conformity of Production
Recall Program
I/M Program (annual idle test, roadside idle test), etc.
New VehicleDevelopment
Vehicle in Warranty Vehicle End-of-Life Dismantling
New Vehicle selective enforcement audit
4th year
Incentive PolicyRetiring old and purchasing injection motorcycle
The Current Situation in SantiagoThe Current Situation in Santiago• Fuel Quality
– Gasoline – 15 PPM Sulfur in 2009– Diesel – 50 PPM Sulfur; 15 PPM in ?
• Light Duty Vehicles – Gasoline – US Tier 1 or Euro 3– Diesel CA Tier 1 or Euro 4
• Medium Duty Vehicles– Tier 1 or Euro 3
• Heavy Duty Bus and Truck– US EPA 98 or Euro III
Resultados homologación diesel Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV por modelo
EURO IV
EURO V
Resultados homologación diesel Resultados homologación diesel EURO IV por modelo EURO IV por modelo
EURO IV
EURO V
Resultados homologación EPA Resultados homologación EPA por modelo grs/km (CO y HC)por modelo grs/km (CO y HC)
Tier 0, Tier 2 Bin 5 Modelos homologados bajo normas EPA(6 de los 10 modelos más vendidos)
Corsa Plus homologado Euro
Tier 0
Resultados homologación EPA Resultados homologación EPA por modelo gr/km (Nox)por modelo gr/km (Nox)
Tier 1
Tier 2 Bin 8
Tier 2 Bin 5
Motorcycles Increasing RapidlyMotorcycles Increasing Rapidly
Bellagio PrinciplesBellagio Principles
• Design Programs & Policies That Reduce Conventional, Toxic, Noise and Greenhouse Emissions in Parallel
• Treat Vehicles and Fuels As A System
• New Vehicle Standards for Greenhouse Emissions & Conventional Pollutants Should Be Fuel Neutral
• Expect & Require Best Technologies and Fuels Worldwide – in Both Industrialized and Developing Countries WWW.THEICCT.ORG
Priority #1: Reduce Diesel PMPriority #1: Reduce Diesel PM
• New Light Duty Diesel Fueled Vehicles (Cars and Medium Trucks) Should Meet– Tier 2 Bin 5 in 2010, or– Euro 5 in 2010
• New Buses Should Meet Euro III Plus Diesel Particulate Filter; After 10/15 PPM Sulfur Fuel is Available, Either:– US EPA 2010 or– Euro VI
New Diesel TrucksNew Diesel Trucks
• City Trucks (Sticker Enforced)– Euro III Plus Diesel Particulate Filter
• National Trucks– Euro IV Standards
• International Trucks– Euro III Standards
Priority #2: Reduce NOx, Other Priority #2: Reduce NOx, Other Toxic EmissionsToxic Emissions
• Light Duty Gasoline Fueled Vehicles Should Meet Either– Tier 2 bin 5 in 2010 or– Euro 5 in 2010
• Motorcycles Adopt Euro 3 Standards by 2010
Priority #3: Improve Fuel QualityPriority #3: Improve Fuel Quality
• Reduce Sulfur in Diesel Fuel to 10/15 PPM
Priority #4: Implement I/MPriority #4: Implement I/M
• ASM Loaded Test Procedure Throughout Santiago
• Centralized Testing Facilities
• Gradually Tighter In Use Standards
Priority #5: Incentivize Priority #5: Incentivize Advanced TechnologiesAdvanced Technologies
• Currently: Hybrids Get Immunity From Annual Tax For Several Years – Shows Great Leadership!