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Metamaterials - Concept and Applications
March 2006
Dr Vesna Crnojević-Bengin
Faculty of Technical SciencesUniversity of Novi Sad
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Overview
Microwave passive circuits
Metamaterials Definition Examples
LH metamaterials Idea Phenomena Realization
LH microstrip structures Resonant and non-resonant structures Applications
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Microwave Passive Circuits
Rationale
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Problem
Dimensions Performances
End-coupled ms resonator:
Antennas: narrow beam with only one source element? Classical theory: large source
Metamaterials: ENZ substrate
rrf
cL
22
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Metamaterials
CharacteristicsDefinitionTypesExamples
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Material Characteristics
Rel. permitivity εr
Rel. permeability μr
Rel. index of refraction
Rel. characteristic impedance
rrrn
r
rrZ
Hr, TanD
w
t
mikrostrip
substrat
uzemljenje
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10-6 10-4 10-2 100 102 104 106
106
104
102
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
Extreme values of εr and μr
Metamaterials: EVL – Epsilon Very Large ENZ – Epsilon Near Zero MVL – Mu Very Large MNZ – Mu Near Zero MENZ – Mu and Epsilon
Near Zero HIMP – High Impedance LIMP – Low Impedance HIND – High Index LIND – Low Index
εr
μr
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Definition
Metamaterials are artificial structures that exhibit extreme values of
effective εr i μr.
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Metamaterials Do Not Exist
Artificial materials
Periodic structures
Period much smaller then λ
Homogenization of the structure
Effective values of εr and μr
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Examples of Metamaterials
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Left-Handed MM
First IdeasDevelopmentRealizationApplications
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Other Quadrants?
Single-negative MM: εr<0 or μr<0
εr
μr
evanescentmode(ferrites)
evanescentmode
(plasma,metals@THz)
propagationmode(isotropic dielectrics)
j
eArE r)(
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Veselago’s Intuition
Double-negative MM: εr<0 and μr<0 ?
εr
μr
evanescentmode(ferrites)
propagationmode(isotropic dielectrics)
j
eArE r)(
?
evanescentmode
(plasma,metals@THz)
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No law of physics prevents the existence of DN MM
Generalized entropy conditions for dispersive media must be satisfied ( )
Conditions of Existence
)( 2f
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Veselago’s Conclusions
Propagation constant β is real & negative
Propagation mode exists
Antiparalel group and phase velocities
Backward propagation (Left-hand rule)
Negative index of refraction
242
2
cCLvvCLv
CLvLHLHgp
LHLHg
LHLHp
00, nvv
cn p
p
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Synonyms
Double-Negative (DN)
Left-Handed (LH)
Negative Refraction Index (NRI)
(Metamaterials)
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Left-Handed Metamaterials
Double-negative MM: εr<0 and μr<0
εr
μr
evanescentmode(ferrites)
propagationmode(isotropic dielectrics)
propagationmode(Left-Handed MM)
evanescentmode
(plasma,metals@THz)
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Consequences of LH MM
Phenomena of classical physics are reversed :
Doppler effect
Vavilov-Čerenkov radiation
Snell’s law
Lensing effect
Goss-Henchen’s effect
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0
sinsin
sin
sinsin
1
t
iLH
RHt
tLH
tLHiRH
n
n
n
nn
Snell’s Law
!!!
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But Alas...
Everything so far was “what ifwhat if””...
Can single- or double-negative materials really be made?
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First SN MM – J. B. Pendry
εr<0 - 1996. μr<0 - 1999.
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Why is r negative?
Plasmons – phenomena of excitation in metals Resonance of electron gas (plasma) Plasmon produces a dielectric function of
the form:
Typically, fp is in the UV-range
Pendry: fp=8.2GHz
0,12
2
effpp
eff fff
f
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Why is μr negative?
E
H
22
2
1m
effff
fF
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Experimental Validation
Smith, Shultz, et al. 2000.
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LH MS Structures
Resonant and non-resonant structuresApplications
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Resonant LH Structures
Split Ring Resonator (SRR)
Very narrow LH-range
Small attenuation
Many applications, papers, patents
Super-compact ultra-wideband (narrowband) band pass filters
Ferran Martin, Univ. Autonoma de Barcelona
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Wide Stopband
Garcia-Garcia et al, IEEE Trans. MTT, juni 2005.
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Complementary SRR
Application of Babinet principle - 2004. CSRR gives ε‹0
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LH BPF – CSRR / Gap
November 2004. Gaps contribute to μ‹0 Low attenuation in the right stopband
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BPF – CSRR / Stub
August 2005. 90% BW Not LH!!!
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Three “Elements”
CSRR/Gap – steep left side CSRR/Stub – steep right side 2% BW
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Multiple SRRs and Spirals
Crnojević-Bengin et al, 2006.
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Fractal SRRs
21 2
21 2
Crnojević-Bengin et al, 2006.
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Non-Resonant LH Structures
June 2002. Eleftheriades Caloz & Itoh Oliner
Transmission Line (TL) approach
Novel characteristics: Wide LH-range
Decreased losses
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Conventional (RH) TL
MicrostripH
r, TanD
w
t
mikrostrip
substrat
uzemljenje
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LH TL
Dual structure
L
L
LjY
CjZ
1
1
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A Very Simple Proof
Analogy between solutions of the Maxwell’s equations for homogenous media and waves propagating on an LH TL
Materials: LH TL:
01
)(1
2
CC
jY
jZ
LjY
CjZ
1
1
=
!!!01
)(1
2
LL
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Microstrip Implementation
Unit cell
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Dispersion Diagrams
RH TL LH TL
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Is This Structure Purely LH?
Unit cell
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CRLH TL
Real case – RH contribution always exists
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LH TL Characteristics
Wide LH-range
Caloz, Itoh, IEEE AP-S i USNC/URSI Meeting, juni 2002.
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2-D LH Metamaterials
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Applications of LH MM
Guided wave applications Filters
Radiated wave applications Antennas
Refracted wave applications Lenses
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Guided Wave Applications
Dual-band and enhanced-bandwidth components Couplers, phase shifters, power dividers,
mixers)
Arbitrary coupling-level impedance/phase couplers
Multilayer super-compact structures
Zeroth-order resonators with constant field distribution
Lai, Caloz, Itoh, IEEE Microwave Magazin, sept. 2004.
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Dual-Band CRLH Devices Second operating frequency:
Odd-harmonic - conventional dual-band devices Arbitrary - dual-band systems
Phase-response curve of the CRLH TL : DC offset – additional degree of freedom
Arbitrary pair of frequencies for dual-band operation
Applications:Phase shifters,
matching networks,
baluns, etc.
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Dual-Band BLC Lin, Caloz, Itoh, IMS’03.
Conventional BLC operates at f and 3f RH TL replaced by CRLH TL
arbitrary second passband
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CµS/CRLH DC Caloz, Itoh, MWCL, 2004.
Conventional DC: broad bandwidth (>25%) loose coupling levels (<-10dB)
CRLH DC: 53% bandwidth coupling level −0.7dB
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ZOR Sanada, Caloz, Itoh, APMC 2003.
Operates at β=0 Resonance independent of
the length Q-factor independent of the
number of unit cells
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SSSR Crnojević-Bengin, 2005.
LZOR=λ/5
LSSSR=λ/16 Easier fabrication More robust to small changes of dimensions
outputinput
g Lstub
L
wstub
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Radiated Wave Applications
1-D i 2-D LW antennas and reflectors ZOR antenna, 2004. - reduced dimensions Backfire-to-Endfire LW Antenna Electronically controlled LW antenna CRLH antenna feeding network
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Backfire-to-Endfire LW Antena
Liu, Caloz, Itoh, Electron. Lett., 2000.
Operates at its fundamental mode Less complex and more-efficient feeding structure
Continuous scanning from backward (backfire) to forward (endfire) angles
Able to radiate broadside
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Electronically Controlled LW Antenna
Frequency-independent LW antenna
Capable of continuous scanning and beamwidth control
Unit cell:
CRLH with varactor diode
β depends on diode voltage
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Antenna Feeding Network
Itoh et al, EuMC 2005.
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Refracted Wave Applications
Most promising
Not much investigated - 2-D, 3-D Negative focusing at an RH–LH interface Anisotropic metasurfaces Parabolic refractors...
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Current Research...
Subwavelength focusing: Grbic, Eleftheriades, 2003, (Pendry 2000):
NRI lense with εr=−1 and µr=−1 achieves
focusing at an area smaller then λ2
Anisotropic CRLH metamaterials: Caloz, Itoh, 2003. PRI in one direction, NRI in the orthogonal Polarization selective antennas/reflectors
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Future Applications Miniaturized devices based ZOR MM beam-forming structures Nonlinear MM devices for generation of ultrashort
pulses for UWB systems Active MM - dual-band matching networks for PA,
high-gain bandwidth distributed PA, distributed mixers
Refracted-wave structures – compact flat lenses, near-field high-resolution imaging, exotic waveguides
SN MM – ultrathin waveguides, flexible single-mode thick fibers, very thin cavity resonators
Terahertz MMs – medical applications Natural LH MM – currently not known to exist SF MM - chemists, physicists, biologists, and
engineers tailor materials missing in nature
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Main Challenges
Wideband 3-D isotropic LH meta-structure
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Main Challenges
Development of fabrication technologies(LTCC, MMIC, nanotechnologies)
Development of nonmetallic LH structures for applications at optical frequencies
Miniaturization of the unit cell
Development of efficient numerical tools
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Conclusion
“LH materials … one of the top ten scientific breakthroughs of 2003.”
Science, vol.302, no.5653, 2004.
“MMs have a huge potential and may represent one of the leading edges of tomorrow’s technology in high-frequency electronics.”
Proc. of the IEEE, vol.93, no.10, Oct.2005.