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MEKANIKA TANAH I
References :
Das, B. M., 2002, Principles of Geotechnical
Engineering, 5th ed., Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.
Hardiyatmo, H.C., 2004, Mekanika Tanah 1, Beta
Offset / Gama Press.
Craig, R.F. (1992), Soil Mechanics, Fifth Edition,
Chapman & Hall.
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Diskripsi Singkat (GBPP)
Mata kuliah ini membahas tentang:
1. Pengenalan umum (permasalahan dan aplikasi mekanika
tanah),
2. Tanah dan proses pembentukannya,
3. Sifat indeks (kadar air, berat jenis, berat satuan, angka pori,
derajat kejenuhan, analisis ukuran butir, batas Atterberg)
4. Klasifikasi tanah (BS, ASTM, AASHTO),
5. Pemadatan (laboratorium & lapangan, kontrol kepadatan),
6. Tegangan dalam tanah,
7. Rembesan (permeabilitas, uji permeabilitas laboratorium &
lapangan; tanah berlapis/anisotropis, flownet, tekanan
rembesan, rembesan pada bendungan tanah, filter),
8. Pengenalan kuat geser tanah.
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Tujuan (GBPP)
Pada akhir semester mahasiswa diharapkan dapat
menjelaskan :
1. Sifat-sifat indeks tanah
2. Klasifikasi tanah
3. Pemadatan
4. Tegangan efektif
5. Permeabilitas tanah
6. Pengenalan kuat geser tanah.
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Introduction
Spread footing
foundation
Retaining wall
Back fill
Roadway
Natural slope
Groundwater table
UNSATURATED SOIL
SATURATED SOIL
Precipitation
Evapotranspiration
Reduction of
soil humidity
Banjarnegara, 4 Jan 2006
Soil behaviour is complex
Perlu pemahaman properties
tanah sehingga perilaku
hidro-mekanis tanah dapat
dimengerti untuk analisis dan
perancangan geoteknik.
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Mekanika Tanah
Tujuan : Mempelajari sifat-sifat tanah dan
penggunaan aspek Teknik Sipil
Contoh :
Fondasi : kapasitas dukung
penurunan bangunan
Dinding penahan tanah
tekanan tanah aktif dan pasif
stabilitas geser, guling & kapasitas dukung
Bahan bendungan, tanggul dsb.
kekuatan, stabilitas terhadap longsor
rembesan - terkait air
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Tanah/Soil : Kumpulan partikel mineral
tanpa/sedikit ikatan sementasi
hasil pelapukan batuan
Residual Soil : Batuan lapuk tempat tetap
Transported Soil : Batuan lapuk diangkut
diendapkan ditempat lain
Media : gravitasi, angin, air atau es
Ukuran dan bentuk butiran jarak dan media
pengangkut.
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Rock and Soil cycles
Origin of Soil
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Land
Igneous Rocks
Earth movements
Erosion
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
Sea
Atmosphere
Magma MeltingMetamorphism
Lithification
Deposition
Weathering
Transport
Cycle of Geology
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how is soil formed
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Time
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Tanah dan Komponen
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Proses Pelapukan
Fisis Erosi air/es/angin
Hancur kembang susut batuan
Tanah Sifat/komposisi = batuan asal berbutir
kasar, tanpa lekatan antar butir (pasir, kerikil)
Kimiawi : batuan perubahan mineral
bereaksi dengan air yang asam/basa, O2 atau CO2
Tanah formasi kelompok partikel kristal dengan
< 0.002 mm mineral lempung
kebanyakan berupa lempengan (kaolin, illite,
montmorillonite)
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Tanah hasil pelapukan batuan sedimen
PROFIL DERAJAT TINGKAT
Top Soil - Tanah permukaan (zona perakaran tanaman)
Residual VI Semua batuan berubah menjadi tanah
Soil
Semua batuan telah lapuk menjadi tanah
Pelapukan V (sisa-sisa batuan berukuran pasir-kerikil
Komplit masih terlihat dalam jumlah kecil)
Pelapukan Lebih dari 35% batuan telah lapuk menjadi
Tinggi IV tanah
Pelapukan III Kurang dari 35% batuan telah lapuk menjadi
Sedang tanah
Pelapukan II Ada tanda-tanda perubahan warna batuan
Sedikit akibat pelapukan
Batuan I Tidak ada tanda-tanda pelapukan/batuan
Segar
DISKRIPSI
PROFIL PELAPUKAN
PROSES PELAPUKAN BATUAN MENJADI TANAH
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What is soil ?
Tanah adalah himpunan mineral, bahan organik, endapan
yang loose terletak di atas batuan dasar (bedrock).
1) Not "dirt"!
2) Soil is unconsolidated earthen material comprised of discrete
mineral grains and decayed organic matter, along with inter−stitial
gases and liquids.
If the grains are "permanently" bonded or cemented together, the
material is called "rock" or "stone".
3) Soils tend to be fairly complex and heterogeneous materials which
feature a wide range of mechanical behaviors.
Understanding and describing the behavior of soils is the challenge
being addressed in this lecture
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Klasifikasi :Ukuran butir
Ukuran butir dan sifat plastis
Lempung < 0.075 mm plastis/punya lekatan
Lanau < 0.075 mm non plastis/tak punya lekatan
Jenis B.S.
(Ø mm)
ASTM
(Ø mm)
Clay (lempung
Silt (lanau
< 0.002
0.002-0.06
< 0.002
0.002-0.075
HALUS
Sand (pasir)
Gravel (kerikil)
Cobbles
Boulder
0.06 - 2
2 - 60
60 – 200
> 200
0.075 – 4.75
4.75 – 75
75 – 300
> 300
KASAR
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Tanah di alam tercampur
Silty CLAY (LEMPUNG berlanau)
Clayey SAND (PASIR berlempung) dsb.
Lempung sifat dominan
Tanah organik pelapukan tananam/ hewan lunak, kompresibel,
proses pelapukan terus berlangsung
Tidak baik untuk dasar fondasi atau bahan tanggul/
bendungan
Sifat umum dan klasifikasi tanah :nama tanah, kadar air, berat volume, berat jenis, ukuran
butir & distribusi, batas cair & plastis, porositas, kejenuhan
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Sifat mekanis kuat geser :
- gesekan sudut gesek dalam ()
- kohesi c
Sifat lain :
- kompresibilitas penurunan
- permeabilitas rembesan
Kebaikan tanah tergantung fungsi
Umum : semakin padat semakin baik
Fungsi :
Bendung lempung baik
Drainasi pasir baik
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Tanah campuran lebih baik dari tanah sejenis
Kelemahan :
Lempung kembang susut
Pasir mudah tererosi
Lanau mudah terkikis, sukar dipadatkan, dan
c kecil.
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What is "soil mechanics"?
Soil mechanics is the study of the both the solid and fluid
mechanical characteristics of soils.
Solid Mechanics Issues:
How much will soil deform when it is loaded?
When loads are applied, on what time scale does soil
deform?
How much load can we apply to soil before it fails?
How does soil "fail"?
Fluid Mechanics Issues:
How does water flow through soil? (how fast?)
How can fluid flow through soil cause it to fail?
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Why do we, as engineers, study
"soil mechanics"?
In brief, because all branches of civil engineering require an
understanding of soil and how it behaves.
Jembatan Jarum (Klaten)
Jembatan di Prembun - Wadaslintang
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Slope Stability & Soil Reinforcement
Soil 6
Soil 2
Soil 3
Soil 1
Soil 4
Soil 5
Soil 7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
deformasi horisontal (mm)
kedala
man (
m)
inclinometer sisi A (mm)
inclinometer sisi B (mm)
model validasi
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Transportation Tunneling in Jogjakarta
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Landslide
0 sec.
Actual debris deposition
180 sec.
Jember, East Jawa, 2 Jan 2006
Banjarnegara, 4 Jan 2006
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Soft/ Expansive Soil & Foundation
original soil :black clay
Blok angker
Turap
Tali angker
Aluminium
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Foundations