Download - Meeting the needs
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Meeting the psychosocial
needsPresented by:
Mr. Anslin., M.Sc(N)HOD Mental health nursing
Sacon
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Knowledge an culture diversity is vital at all levels of nursing practice. Ethnocentric approaches to nursing practice are ineffective in meeting health and nursing needs of diverse cultural group of clients.
Psychosocial needs
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Knowledge about culture and their impact on interaction with health care is essential for nurses, whether they are practicing in a clinical setting education, research and administration.
Cont…
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Knowledge and skills related to cultural diversity can strengthen health care delivery systems concept of illness, wellness and treatment modalities evolve from a cultural perspective.
Cont…
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Cultural diversity in nursing practice derives its conceptual base from nursing, other cross cultural health discipline and the social science such as anthropology, sociology and psychology.
Concept of cultural diversity
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“Cultural diversity” refers to the difference between people based on a shared ideology and valued set of beliefs, norms, customs and meanings evidenced in a way of life.
Definition
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Define:Stress is the “Non- specific response of the body to any kind of demand made up on it”.
- Selye (1956)
Stress is the arousal of mind and body in response to demands made upon them.
- Schafer (2000)
Stress and adaptation
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Stress is a condition in which the human system response to change in its normal balanced state. Stress result from a change in the environment that is perceived as a challenge a threat or a danger.
- Pender, Murdaugh & Parsons (2006)
Cont…
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Major life changesStress can also be self generated WorkRelationship difficultiesBeing too busyFinancial problemChildren and family
Common external causes of stress
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Inability to accept uncertaintyPessimism Negative self talkUnrealistic expectationLack of assertivenessPerfectionism
Internal causes of stress
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Cognitive
symptom
memory concentration Judgment
Signs and symptom of stress overload
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Physical symptom
Diarrhea Chest pain
Nausea & Dizziness
Cont…
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Emotional symptom
moodinessAgitation
& Irritability
Loneliness
Cont…
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Behavioral
symptom
Eating more/ less
Using alcohol/ cigarette
Sleeping too much
Cont…
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Coping:Coping is the ability of
person to adjust with situation. Adaptive coping mechanisms are those that promote health while helping the person successfully reduces stress.
Stress adaptation
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It is a natural or learned way of responding to a changing environment or specific problem or situation. There are two type of coping strategies:.
1. Problem focused coping2. Emotional focused coping
A coping strategy
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Problem focus coping improve a situation by making changes or taking some action.
Emotional focused coping thoughts and actions that relieve emotional distress. It does not improve situation but the person often feels better.
Which is divided in to two:
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Coping
Long term coping
Change life style pattern such as
eating health diet, exercise regularly, problem solving & decision making
Short term coping
Using alcohol beverages or
drug, day dreaming.
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a) Nursing history: Nurse should assess for client perceived stressors, manifestations of stress and past & present coping strategies.
b) Physical examination: Indicators of stress (Nail biting,
nervousness, weight change) Stress related health problem
(Hypertension, Dyspnea).
Nursing assessments of a clients stress and coping patterns include
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Diagnosis:
Anxiety
Family coping
Fear
Impaired adjustme
nt
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Planning
Resolve or
Decrease Anxiety
Increase ability to manage
Planning
Improve role
performance
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Teach health activities of daily living Eg: Exercise, Rest & sleep, Nutrition
Encourage use of support system Encourage use of management technique Massage and progressive relaxation. Anticipatory guidance (psychologically
preparing herself for an unfamiliar painful event)
Guided imagery and Bio feed back Therapeutic touch (Music, Humor, Laugh)
Implementation
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Nurse collect data in accordance to outcome criteria established.
Evaluation activities.
Evaluation
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It is one’s mental image of one-self A positive self concept is essential to
a person’s mental and physical health Individuals with a positive self
concept are better able to develop and maintain interpersonal relationships and resist psychological and physical illness.
Self concept
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Individual who have a poor self-concept may express feelings of worthlessness, self-dislike or even self-hatred
They may feel and sad or hopeless and may state they lack energy to perform task.
Cont…
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Self concept is a complex idea that influence the following:-
How one thinks, talks & acts
Choice one make
Ability to take action to change things
How one see and treats another person
Ability to give and receive love
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1) Self knowledge – once ability, nature, limitation, insight.
2) Self expectation – Realistic/ unrealistic
3) Social self – how a person is perceived by others/ society.
4) Social evaluation – the appraisal of oneself in relationship to others.
Dimension of self concept
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Components of self concept
Components of self concept
Personal identity
Body image
Role performance
Self esteem
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Personal identity is conscious sense of individuality and uniqueness that is continually evolving throughout life.
People often view their identity in term of nature, sex, age, race, ethnic origin or culture, occupation or roles, talents and other situation characteristics (eg: marital status and education).
1. Personal identity
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The image of physical self in how a person perceive the size,
appearance and function of the body and its part. Body image is the sum of person’s
conscious and unconscious attitude about his or her body.
This does not necessarily have to reflect reality (Thin – fat).
2. Body image
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Throughout life people undergo numerous role changes. A role is a set of expectations about how the person occupying once position behaves.
3. Role performance
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It is one’s judgment of one’s own worth, that is how that persons standards and performance compare to others and to one’s ideal self.
4. Self esteem
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When thinking about the six topics sometimes we make judgments about how much we approve or disapprove of ourselves. Those judgments will affect how we behave and how much we think we can secured.
Judgments
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If there is a mismatch between how you see yourself (eg: your self image) and what you’d like to be (eg: your ideal self) then this is likely to affect how much you value yourself. therefore there is an intimate relationship between self image, ego- ideal and self esteem.
Ideal self:(what you’d like to be)
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A person ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experience of the person. Hence a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence.
Cont…
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Incongruent Congruent
Self image
Ideal self
Self image
Ideal self
The self image is different to the ideal self. There is only a little overlap. Here self actualization will be difficult.
The self image is similar to the ideal self. There is a more overlap. This person can self- actualize.
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Self awareness (Infancy)
Self recoganitation (18 months)
Self definition (3 years)
Self concept (6 – 7 yrs)
Stages in the development of the self
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To promote a positive self- concept include helping a client to identify areas of strength for ex: writing, painting, music, sports.
The following nursing technique may enhance self esteem…
1. Encourage client to express their feelings2. Provide accurate information3. Avoid criticism 4. Explore clients positive qualities
and strength.
Nursing intervention
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Many disease, accidents, illness and their treatments create sexual dysfunctions and role changes. Rehabilitation nurses are in an excellent position to address these issues with their client. To accomplish this, nurses need to overcome barriers, such as cultural and professional stereotyping, and lack of education.
Sexuality
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Nurses must also develop an awareness of belief, attitudes and values related to sexuality, and awareness of how these beliefs, attitudes and values affect their practice.
Rehabilitation nurses have an important role in assuring that experiencing a disability, having a chronic illness or aging does not need to translate into permanent sexual loss or eliminate the ability to give and receive affection.
Cont…
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Spirituality generally involves a belief in a relationship with some high power, creative force, drive being or infinite source of energy.
Ex: person may believe in god.
Spirituality
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Spirituality is unique to each individual Your “spirit” usually refers to the
deepest part of you, the part that lets you make meaning of your world.
Your spirit provides you with the revealing sense of who you are, where you are here of what your purpose for living is.
It is that inter most part of you that allows you to gain strength and hope.
Spiritual health
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The basis of spirituality is discovering a sense of meaning fullness in your life and coming to know that you have purpose to fulfill.
Spiritual wellness
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Spiritual distress refer to a challenge to the spiritual well being or to the belief system that provides strength, hope and meaning to life.
Spiritual distress
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Treatment related factors
Factors causing spiritual distress in person are:-
Situation
factors
Physical problem
Ex: Pain, experiencing loss of body parts or function, terminal illness.
Blood transfusion, surgery, abortion, amputation of a body.
Death, illness
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No one really knows for sure how spirituality is related to health. However it seems the body, mind and spirit are connected.
Some research shows that things such as positive beliefs, comfort and strength gained from religion, meditation and prayer can contribute to healing and a sense of well being.
Improving your spiritual health may help you feel better, prevent some health problem & help you cope with illness, stress/ death.
Spirituality in relation to health
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For many people, religion and spirituality are a significant part of who they are, many patient turn to religion & faith as they try to find meaning in their illness and cope with their altered life situation.
Religious faith and spiritual coping has been observed in patient with some disease.
Spiritual needs of patient
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If these needs are not addressed, internal struggles may result in existential crisis leading to dejection and perception of being abandoned.
(ex: god does not care for me) The components of a spirituality
based indicator would include a vision of a peaceful and united future: The selected principles.
Cont…
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Principles Unity in diversity
Equity and justice
Equality of the sexes
Trustworthiness and moral leadership
Independent investigation of truth
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The loss of a loved one is life’s most stressful event and can cause a major emotional crisis. After the death of someone you love, you experience bereavement, which literally means “to be deprived by death”.
When a death take place, you may experienced a wide range of emotion.
When a death is expected, then there is no real order to the giving process.
Coping with loss
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Some emotion you may experienced include:
Denial
Shock
Despair Anger
Guilt
Disbelief
ConfusionSadnes
sEmotion
s
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It is not easy to cope after a loved one die, you will mourn and grieve.
Mourning is a natural process you go through to accept a major loss.
Mourning may include religious traditional honoring the death or gathering with friends and family to share your loss.
Mourning a loved one
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Mourning is personal and may lost months or years.
Profound emotional reaction may occur. (Ex: anxiety, chronic fatigue, depression and thoughts of suicide).
Cont…
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It is very important to allow yourself to express these feelings. Many people report physical symptom that accompany grief. (stomach pain, loss of appetite, intestinal upset, sleep disturbance and loss of energy. Mourning can seriously discussed by your relationship with the person who died.
Dealing with a major loss
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Child death arouses an overwhelming sense of injustice – unfulfilled dreams and senseless suffering. Parents may feel responsible for the child’s death. Parents may also feel that they have lost a vital part of their own identity.
A child’s death
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A spouse death is very traumatic. The death may cause a potential financial crisis if the spouse was the family’s main income source.
A spouse’s death
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Elderly people death may be especially vulnerable when they lose a spouse because it means losing a life time of shared experiences. At this time, feeling of loneliness may be compound by the death of close friends.
Elderly people
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Define: Grief is a reaction to a major loss. It is most often an unhappy and painful emotion.
Painful psychological and physiological response to loss.
Grief
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Causes, Incidents, Risk factors
Death of loved one
Illness
Chronic condition affect quality of
life
Diverse
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Symptoms/ Process Denial, Disability, Numbness
Anger, Blaming others
Bargaining
Depressed mood, sadness & crying
Acceptance
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1. Seek out caring people (find relatives and friends who understand).
2. Express your feelings (tell others).3. Take care of your health (meet physician).4. Accept that life is for the living .5. Postpone major life change (moving,
remarrying, changing job).6. Be patient 7. Seek outside help when necessary.
Way to cope effectively with your pain
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Helping others
grieves
Share the sorrow
Don’t offer false
comfort
Offer practical
help
Be patient
Encourage
professional help when
necessary
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Examples of therapeutic health care modalities are:
Creative therapeutic environment
Life style modificationRecreational &
divisional therapy
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Life style modification
Meditation
Imagery
Therapeutic
touch
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1. Music therapy2. Activities according to the hobbies3. Play activities4. Reading5. Painting6. Yoga7. Exercise8. Group activities/ occupational therapy9. Other activities (watching tv, etc).
Recreational & diversion therapy
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Thank you