Download - Meeting 6
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Meeting 6Meeting 6
Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms
Lecture 6a: Verb Types and Verb Forms
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Verb Types & Verb Forms
Verb Types & Verb Forms
• Lexical verbs• classified according to their complements• forms in which they appear
• tensed forms• untensed forms
• Auxiliary verbs• classified according to their functions &
complements• forms in which they appear
• tensed• untensed
• Order of verbs in a sequence of verbs
• Lexical verbs• classified according to their complements• forms in which they appear
• tensed forms• untensed forms
• Auxiliary verbs• classified according to their functions &
complements• forms in which they appear
• tensed• untensed
• Order of verbs in a sequence of verbs
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Types of lexical verbsTypes of lexical verbs
defined in terms of their complementsdefined in terms of their complements
NP AUX VP
VHEAD:
S
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INTRANSITIVE
'die'
VP
V
no complement phrase
COMPLEX INTRANSITIVE
'become'
VP
V NP/AdjP
PCS
TRANSITIVE
'chase'
VP
V NPI
DO
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DITRANSITIVE
'give'
VP
V NPI NPJ
IO DO
COMPLEX TRANSITIVE
'consider'
VP
V NPI NP/AdjP
DO PCO
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INTRANSITIVE WITH PPC
'rely'
VP
V PP
PPC
TRANSITIVE WITH PPC
'put'
VP
V NPI PP
DO PPC
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INTRANSITIVE TRANSITIVE
no DO complement DO complement
+/- PCS +/- PCS
+/- PPC +/- PPC
+/- IO
+/- PCO
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VERB FORMS
Tense-marking Not Tense-marking
past past participle
present gerund participle plain
third person singular plain
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AGREEMENT:
Special relationship between Subject NP & Tense
S
SUBJECT: NP TENSE:AUX PREDICATE:VP
I/you/we/they PRESENT walk
he/she/it PRESENT walks
PAST walked TENSED VERB FORMS
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
I/you/we/they do walk
he/she/it does walk
PAST
did walk
PLAIN UNTENSEDAUX do
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
you/we/they are walking
he/she/it is walking
I am walking
PAST
I/he/she/it was walking
you/we/they were walking
GERUND PARTICIPLE
PROGRESSIVE be
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NP AUX VP
PRESENT
you/we/they are sighted
he/she/it is sighted
I am sighted
PAST
you/we/they were sighted
I/he/she/it was sighted
PAST PARTICIPLEPASSIVE be
S
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
I/you/we/they do walk
he/she/it does walk
PAST
did walk
PLAIN UNTENSEDAUX do
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
can/will walk
PAST
could/would walk
PLAIN UNTENSEDMODAL AUX
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
you/we/they are walking
he/she/it is walking
I am walking
PAST
I/he/she/it was walking
you/we/they were walkingGERUND PARTICIPLEPROGRESSIVE be
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S
NP AUX VP
PRESENT
I/you/we/they have walked
he/she/it has walked
PAST
had walked
PAST PARTICIPLEPERFECT have
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NP AUX VP
PRESENT
you/we/they are sighted
he/she/it is sighted
I am sighted
PAST
you/we/they were sighted
I/he/she/it was sightedPAST PARTICIPLEPASSIVE be
S
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Ordering of auxiliary and lexical verbs
• auxiliary verbs are in AUX
• lexical verbs are in VP
• AUX precedes VP in English, hence auxiliary verbs precede lexical verb
• only one lexical verb may head the VP
• AUX may contain more than one auxiliary verb (except if auxiliary is do)
• Strict ordering of auxiliary verb types
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John ate
John must eat. (*John eat must)
John has eaten (*John eaten has)
John must have eaten (*John have must eaten)
John must have been eating
John must have been being eaten
modal > perfect > progressive > passive > LEXICAL
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What determines a verb's form?
• First verb must mark TENSE distinction
• Modal (and AUX do) must mark TENSE
• TENSE is only marked once
• MODAL must be followed by PLAIN (untensed)
• PERFECT must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE
• PROGRESSIVE must be followed by GERUND PARTICIPLE
• PASSIVE must be followed by PAST PARTICIPLE
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In the next lecture......
• syntactic processes involving verbs
• what auxiliary verbs can do that lexical verbs cannot