Download - MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.)
MEDIEVAL AGES
(500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.)
What were the Middle Ages?
• …the era between 500 to 1350 a.d.• …known as “Dark Ages” or “Medieval
Era”• …after downfall of Romans, barbarian
tribes plundered European countryside• …West – splintered remains of classical
world/East – wealthy with Byzantine and Muslim influences
•…violence and chaos reigned, but loyalties and changes took hold.
•…the time period in which classical influences from Greece and Rome were temporarily lost to the general populace; which created an environment of ignorance, corruption and violence.
•…”fend for yourself” or “die”.
•…the Franks became the most influential of the barbarian tribes in modern-day Germany and France.
Where did the Middle Ages begin?
Who helped to create
the Middle Ages?
Frankish
leaders
Clovis
• Around 481 a.d.
• No conscience, brutal, violent and cruel
• Supported Christianity
• Name of the “Franks”
Pepin II
• Around 700 a.d.
• “Mayor of the Palace”
• Created hereditary leadership for medieval world
Charles Martel
• Known as “the Hammer”
• Around 732 a.d.• Stopped Muslim
advance into Western Europe
• Removed threat of Islamic ideas in Christian lands
Pepin III
• Known as “the Short”
• Around 760 a.d.• Crowned by Pope
(with the grace of God)
• Pope’s gain spiritual and political power
• “Donation of Pepin”• Formation of
alliance between church and state
• 768 – 814 a.d.• Greatest king of
Medieval Europe• Intelligent, religious
and had little formal education
• Conquered, united and maintained an empire in Western Europe
• Title of “Emperor of the Romans” (close ties between Franks and church)
Charlemagne
Charlemagne’s system of government…
•100’s of regions ruled by a Count
•Each region possessed its own military of armed knights, laws and lands
•Capital at Aachen (modern-day Germany)
•Usage of Missi Dominici, who were the “eyes and ears of the king”
•Little to no taxes
•Every individual was to contribute to the kingdom in his or her own way
…government continued…
Charlemagne’s beliefs about education…
•Create schools to educate all in one fashion or another
•Scholars would be used from all over Europe
•Produce a usable, vernacular-translated Bible
•Create libraries and encourage the copying of religious texts to promote literacy
•Christianity based
•Convert to Frankish and Christian ways - accept baptism in Christianity - or be executed
…education continued…
After Charlemagne’s death in 814 a.d.,…
• …his three grandsons (Louis the German, Lothair and Charles the Bald = sons of Louis the Pious) divide the kingdom…
• …which leads to the downfall of the Frankish Kingdom and rule, because of…
• …jealousy and internal conflicts, barbarian invasions and a general lack of unification.
When Charlemagne’s kingdom was torn apart by internal strife,
…
it opened the door for another “barbarian people” to influence the European
continent…
they were the…
VIKINGS
Who were the
Vikings?
• Most feared of all European invaders in the 800’s and 900’s a.d.
• From Scandinavia, not Minnesootaaah!
• Known as “Vikings, Danes, North men or Norse men”
• Misunderstood throughout history, as the label of violent and crude was only one aspect of Viking society.
What were the Vikings like?
• Democratic, loyal, resourceful, curious, hard-working, superstitious, creative, explorers, war-like, diligent and unrelenting…
• Seen as “rude, crude and violent”
The Vikings were a significant reason why medieval society
survived and thrived throughout its difficult existence…
without the Vikings, the assimilated, multi-cultural
society that would develop in Europe would never have been.
To deal with the ever-changing violence of medieval life, two distinct ways of survival developed to maintain a sense of organization and to help protect individual kingdoms.
They were feudalism and manorialism.
Feudalism
Characteristics of feudalism…
• Political system based on ownership of land
• “Land, loyalty, protection, service and relationships”
• Fief – land• Vassal – subordinate follower, feudal
position• Primogenture – inheritance of position• Dowry – money given as a gift for service
or to the groom in an arranged marriage• Relationship based on an exchange of
goods and services
Medieval society…
• Monarch – total control and influence, top of feudal system
• Nobility – upper class and wealthy, lived in castles or palaces, dependent on common people, feudal obligations, medieval cultural creativity and provided entertainment for kingdom
• Peasants (known as “serfs”) – common people, mainly farmers and town folk, tied to the land for life, average life span 40 years, born/live/die in same place, simple and boring life style
FEUDAL SYSTEM
P E A S A N T S P E A S A N TS P E A S A N T S P E A S A N TS
K n ig h ts K n ig h ts
L e sse r L o rd
K n ig h ts K n ig h ts
L e sse r L o rd
G re a te r L o rd
M o n a rch(K in g /Q ue e n)
• Feudalism continued–– Honorable relationship between
legal equals– Personal loyalties and obligations– Feudal justice – trial by battle, oath
taking and ordeals
DESCRIPTION
OF
FEUDALISM
pp. 186 – 190
READ, READ, READ
Manorialism
Characteristics of manorialism…
• Economic system closely connected to feudalism
• Based on the successful operation of the “manor”
• Manor – lord’s estate (property and lands)
• Self-sufficiency – being able to operate or survive without any outside help
• Focused on “sustenance” instead of “profit”
Manorialism continued…
• The castle (or manor house) was the main feature of the “manor system”
• Wide-spread trade was unknown, so self-sufficiency was necessary
Pembroke
Newark
Ludlow
Leeds Edinburgh
Cardiff
Canterbury
Tower of London
Alnwick
Bamburgh
Beaumaris
Berry Pomeroy
Bodiam
Deal
Dover
Harlech
Helmsley
Laugharne
Kenilworth
Kirby Muxloe
Lewes
Llansteffan
Llawhaden
Nunney
Oxwich
Picton
Powis
Raglan
Rhuddlan
Sherborne
Traquair
Whittington
Wiston
Caerlaverock
Clifford's Tower
Chepstow
Medieval Castle Project…
• For an “A thru C”…– Draw 3-blue-prints
of your castle, which will include frontand aerial views
– Must be a scale-drawing on graph paper, in perspective and in proportion with all dimensions
– Well-done, colorful, creative and inspirational
Coats of Arms…
Create a coat of arms…
• Requirements –– Use the provided shield outline– Must include “4” images…
• Main image, must be approved• Maternal image• Paternal image• “You” image, must be approved
– Colorful, well-done, neat with all images
Other important influences on
the Middle Ages…
The Church…
Medieval Church…•…became the backbone of society, as Christianity was the core of most medieval lives
•…administered the sacraments and led life by example
•…belief that faith in Christ, living a life of morality and participation in the sacraments would lead to salvation
•…was main “rival” of kings, as both desired similar things during this era – such as land, influence, titles, money, power, etc.
M e d ieva l C h u rch
M o n ks/N u ns"p ro v ide d b as ic soc ia l se rv ice s"
"h o sp ita lity, p ro vid e rs , e d u ca to rs"
P rie s ts"a d m in iste re d th e sa cra m en ts"
" te a ch in g a bo u t liv lih oo d a n d m o ra lity"
B ish o ps" lo ca l su pe rv iso rs"
A rch b ish o ps"re g io na l su p erv iso rs"
C u ria"a d visors to th e P op e"
"ve ry in flu e n tia l"kn o w n a s C ard in a ls
P ope"S p iritu a l a n d S e cu la r lea d e r o f the C hris tian C hu rch"
Characteristics of the church…
• …religious, social and/or education centers
• …pride in local churches• …required “tithe” or
contributions to the church
• …gender equality in heaven, but male-dominated on earth
• …commitment to spiritual pursuits through monks and nuns
• …life of service, educating and living a moral life
• …creation of monasteries and convents
• …became a spiritual and secular power
• …rising conflict between “secular kings” and “papal supremacy” (would lead to difficult times between kings and popes)
Power of the church…
• Canon law – absolute authority in religious affairs as determined by the church; dealt with teachings and morality
• Excommunication – an individual cut off from the church without sacraments or burial
• Interdict – the church cutting off a town or region from receiving the sacraments or burial
• …very influential with ending feudal conflicts and enforcing its will on medieval society
• …internal reform movements, such as the Cluniac Reforms, reorganized the faltering direction and ended the church’s corruption and worldliness
• …Franciscan, Dominican and Beguines transformed the Christian Church
Medieval society…
• Cultural• Entertainment and games• Festivals and celebrations• Superstitions• Coats of Arms• Weapons• Tortures• Oddities of Medieval life…
Cultural…
• Culture always includes any, and all, aspects of a society such as clothing, language, food, events, tools, etc…
• …some unique aspects of medieval society include the following…
Clothing…
a) Frankish King and Queen b) Frankish Noblewomen c) King Charles the Bald d) Emperor Henry II, Frankish Bishop
a) Monk, Bishop, Priest b) Frankish King and Queen c) Norman Ladies, Norman Noblewoman d) Knights and soldiers - First Crusade
a) Servant, Roman Pope, King a) German Noblewomenb)Squire and Knight - First Crusade d) Commoner, Rich Jew, Knight
a) Order of St. John of Jerusalem - Females b) Order of St. John of Jerusalem - Males c) Master and Knight of the Teutonic Order d) Templars - Knights
a) German Prince, German Ladies b) German Knight and Family c) Italian Scholars, German Middle-Class Woman d) Knight, Prince, Templar - Knight
a) Knightly Dress - King of Germany (1349) b) Court of Orlamunde (1315)c) Soldiers (1370)d) knights and lady (1378)
12th, 13th and 14th Centuries
14th Century and beyond…
The code of conduct during the Medieval Era
was called…
CHIVALRY
Characteristics of
chivalry…• A code of conduct for
knights and nobility• “simply complex”• Proof of worthiness, loyalty,
courtesy, personal, selectiverespect and arrogance
• Coat of arms andstandards
• Basis for medieval behavior• Applied only to nobility,
not commoners!
• “POLITICALLY CORRECT” code of conduct for medieval society
• Set the tone for all behaviors, mannerisms, attitudes and traditions throughout Europe
• “sappy love” and its “idealistic” views of love and courtship were emphasized
• Poetry and songs
Entertainment and Games…
• Bear baiting, gambling, cock fighting, drinking, songs, dance, chess, jousting, sword fighting, theater, jugglers, story telling, art, church festivals, marriage or funeral processions, poetry, music, acrobats, performing animals, plays, bonfires, sports, tournaments, archery, hunting, falconry, melees…
Festivals and Celebrations…
• Any reason to gather became a festival or celebration…
Weddings…Births and Funerals…Holidays – kingdom,
religious, personal, local…
Visitations…
Weapons…
…in-class presentaion
Tortures…
…in-class presentation
Also, a major development in
the Middle Ages…
• Centrally located, crowded, dirty, cramped conditions, disease, fire, smelly, organized chaos and all sorts of people
• Development of trade routes and trade organizations, called “leagues”
Towns during
the Middle Ages…
• Vernacular languages (local dialects/slang was used)
• Development of educational institutions in Paris, Oxford, Bologna and Salerno…better known as universities
• Towns/cities led to –
1) Freedom and more rights
2) Exempt Status (a year and a day)
3) Town Justice
4) Commercial Privileges
• A new mentality will arise in towns/cities, as the common people will gain more prestige, confidence and rights in society
Growth during the Middle Ages …
• development of “common law” – laws that apply to everyone…representative assemblies of the people.
•Magna Carta (1215) – kings can not rule as they please; creation of “due process of law”; legal equality; everyone must obey the law.
•rising conflict between spiritual leadership (pope) and secular leadership (king) over who holds real “power” throughout the medieval era.
•Growth brought problems – jealousy, greed, disease, overcrowding, inflation…benefits – equality, opportunity, learning, “global mentality”.
Other medieval events…•Agricultural Revolution – inventions/innovations to improve farming – iron plows, harnesses for horses instead of oxen, windmills, 3-field system
•Commercial Revolution -- $ (or capital) was needed for investments, partnerships/guilds, insurance on business ventures, bill of exchange, tenant farmers, creation of a middle class, rise of usury (Jewish stereotype)
•Revival of trade – demand for needed/exotic items intensified, trade companies/routes, trade fairs, creation of medieval cities/towns, usage of charters, “town air makes free!”
…this growth was substantially influenced by
the…
CRUSADES
What were the Crusades?
•Christian efforts to recapture the “holy land” from Muslim control.
•Unite Christians with a common sense of “cause” under “papal” leadership.
• “God wills it!”, Pope Urban II and
Innocent III
Crusades of the Middle Ages…
•First Crusade (1096 – 1099) – massacre of Muslims/Jews – receive spiritual forgiveness – guaranteed power of church and European supremacy – successful.
Second Crusade (1147 – 1149) – horrible losses and failed to obtain objective of Jerusalem, miserable failure.
Third Crusade (1189 – 1192) - (“crusade of the kings”, fails to recapture the holy land – Christians cut off from Jerusalem – failure.
“Children’s Crusade” – unbelievable and terrible story.
Fourth Crusade (1202 – 1204) – last attempt; turns to looting and destruction – failure – holy land remains under Muslim control.
Effects of the Crusades…
•Bitter hatred between Islam and Christianity.
•Social improvements.
•Luxury goods – fabrics, spices, perfumes
•Increased trade – sugar, cotton, rice
•“assimilation”
•Development of money economies
•Serfdom declines
•Papal and state tension
•Foreign travels – Marco Polo
•Expanded medieval horizons
•“Inquisition”
Black Death…
•What was it? A disease spread by fleas on rats
•Types? Bubonic and Pneumonic
•Effect on society?
Killed 1/3 to ½ of the
population of Europe
All events and actions of the Middle Ages are leading
to…• the creation of new ideas and curiosity• the development of towns and cities• a re-focus on learning • a global mentality• a community sense, based on Christian
ideas• a renewed pride in European society
and human capabilities• an opportunistic attitude about the
world at large
MEDIEVAL AGES (500 a.d. – 1350 a.d.)