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Measuring IPv6 Deployment
Geoff Huston APNIC R&D August 2010
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In collaboration with:
• George Michaelson, APNIC
• Byron Ellacot, APNIC
• Emile Aben, RIPE NCC
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Modelling IPv4 Address Exhaustion
Total Address Count
Adver0sed Count
Unadver0sed Count
IANA Pool
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Modelling IPv4 Address Exhaustion
The model of address consumpDon predicts that IANA will allocate its last ‘general use /8 address block on 20 June 2011
The first RIR to exhaust its “general use” address pool will be APNIC, on 23 February 2012
hNp://ipv4.potaroo.net
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• As behaviours change and as policies change, the model of exhausDon changes
How certain is that date?
Pre
dict
ed E
nd D
ate
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But - IPv4’s Time is Running Out
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Twenty years ago…
Size of the Internet
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we predicted IPv4 address pool exhaustion…
IPv4 Pool Size
Size of the Internet
!
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so we formed a plan…
IPv6 Deployment
IPv4 Pool Size
Size of the Internet
IPv6 Transition using Dual Stack
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How are we going with this plan?
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How are we going with this plan?
What network metrics can indicate the pace of relaDve deployment of IPv6?
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What’s the question?
Candidate quesDons:
• How much of the public Internet supports v6? • How much of the public Internet runs v6? • How quickly is the Internet becoming end-‐to-‐end v6 capable?
How long will this dual stack transiDon take?
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Measurement Approaches
– whole of network metrics vs sample measurements
– system metrics vs component metrics – snapshot metrics vs Dme series measurements
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Measurement Issues
• Understanding of the nature of the environment
• The nature of the data set vs the nature of the measurement – Is the data set distribuDon heavy-‐tail or Gaussian? – Is the Dme series fractal or converging?
– Is the measurement reflecDve of a high volume populaDon or a small populaDon of high volume actors?
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End-to-end Service Data
• Examine IPv6 / IPv4 use from the perspecDve of a service delivery pla_orm (web server)
• IPv6 is used by clients only when all the various IPv6 infrastructure components support IPv6, otherwise the client will fall back to IPv4 use
• Service metrics for IPv6 are reflecDve of end-‐to-‐end IPv6 capability
• Simple web log analysis approach that any dual stack web server can use
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Web server stats
• Take a dual-‐homed web server: hNp://www.apnic.net
• Count the number of disDnct IPv4 and IPv6 addresses per day – Not the number of web ‘hits’, just the raDo of the populaDons of
disDnct source addresses that access these sites, to reduce the relaDve impact of robots and crawlers on the data and normalize the data against different profiles of use
• Look at the v6 / v4 access raDo
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Web Server V6:V4 Ratios
2010 2008
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
2006 2004
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Refining the V6 Test Instead of simply looking through the web logs for V6 / V4 raDos for web access, we can probe the client capabiliDes using a small script with fine-‐grained Dmers in the log
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User Tests
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Client Web Server
Measurement Server
fetch web page
web page + script
scripted measurement
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Refining the V6 Test Instead of simply looking through the web logs for V6 / V4 raDos for web access, we can probe the client capabiliDes using a small script with fine-‐grained Dmers in the log
• Test the client with 5 different retrieval tasks of a 1x1 pixel image: • V6 only, Dual-‐Stack DNS resoluDon • Dual-‐Stack, Dual-‐Stack DNS resoluDon • V4 Only, Dual-‐Stack DNS resoluDon • V6 Only, V6 DNS resoluDon • V4 only, V6 DNS resoluDon
• Use a DNS name that includes a common random number across all tests to allow server log reconstrucDon of the completed test set
• Take just one test result for each unique source address
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Access Combinations
V4 V6 Dual Node Type
✔ ✖ V4 V4-‐Only
✖ ✔ V6 V6-‐Only
✔ ✔ V6 V6-‐Preferred
✔ ✔ V4 V6-‐Capable (V4-‐Preferred)
✔ ✖ ✖ Dual-‐Stack Loss
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IPv6: “could” vs “will”
2%
4%
6%
8%
IPv6 Preferred
IPv6 Capable
27-Mar 24-Apr 22-May 19-June 17-July 22
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Where are we with IPv6?
The ‘size’ of the IPv6 deployment in terms of end-‐to-‐end host IPv6 preference is around 2% of the total number of Internet end hosts at present
However a further 3% of hosts can use IPv6, even though they prefer IPv4 in dual stack mode
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How much V6 is “out there”?
Around 5.5% of end hosts are capable of reaching IPv6 only service points
This is more than double the number of hosts who expose their V6 capability by V6 preference in dual stack
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Some V6-only hosts already?
2%
4%
6%
8%
27-Mar 24-Apr 22-May 19-June 17-July
IPv6 Only
Dual Stack
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Access by V6 Address Type
V6 Unicast
6to4
Teredo
2%
4%
6%
8%
27-Mar 24-Apr 22-May 19-June 17-July 26
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Dual-Stack, V6 Preferred by Address Type
V6 Unicast
6to4 Teredo 1%
4%
27-Mar 24-Apr 22-May 19-June 17-July
4%
3%
2%
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Dual-Stack, V4 Preferred by Address Type
V6 Unicast
6to4
Teredo 1%
27-Mar 24-Apr 22-May 19-June 17-July
5%
3%
2%
4%
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Unicast vs Tunneled
• Most hosts with unicast IPv6 generally prefer V6 in a dual stack scenario
• Hosts with auto-‐tunnel capability (typically Windows Vista and 7 systems) appear to generally prefer V4 in a dual stack scenario when configured to use 6to4 or Teredo auto-‐tunneling to access the V6 network
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Teredo vs 6to4
• What we see: – 3% of hosts use 6to4 (naDve V4, auto-‐tunnel) – 0.3% of hosts use Teredo (NAT V4, auto-‐tunnel)
• Aren’t there more hosts behind v4 NATs than hosts on naDve v4?
• Therefore, shouldn’t we see more Teredo than 6to4 in auto-‐tunnel tests?
• Why is the level of Teredo usage so much smaller than 6to4? – could it be due to extensive use of highly restricDve filters in consumer
grade IPv4 NATs?
– or widespread disabling of Teredo in end systems?
– or …?
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Who uses 6to4?
• 6to4 auto-‐tunnelling access counts appear to peak on weekends
• Do corporate environments today sDll rely heavily on V4 NATs with V6 auto-‐tunnelling disabled on end systems and through the firewalls?
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Performance and Tunnels
• Tunnelling can extend the packet path: – addiDon of a tunnel relay between the source and desDnaDon
– in the case of 6to4 this is asymmetric, potenDally lengthening the transit path
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V4-‐Only Network
Dual-‐Stack Network
6to4 Packet Path
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Client Dual-Stack
Server
192.88.99.1 Relay
2002::/16 Relay
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V4-‐Only Network
Dual-‐Stack Network
Partial Mitigation of 6to4 Packet Path
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Client Dual-Stack
Server 2002::/16
Relay
192.88.99.1 Relay
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Performance and Tunnels
• Teredo can add a further performance penalty in the form of state setup between the Teredo relay and the client
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Performance and Tunnels
• How big a performance penalty do we see for V6 via tunnels?
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What are we measuring?
• The script uses wildcard DNS entries and random-‐value DNS names to ensure that client-‐side web caching and DNS caching is avoided
• The server records the Dme of script delivery to the client and the Dme of delivery of each of the test objects – the difference is the retrieval Dme
• The retrieval Dme includes DNS and TCP protocol overheads • The sequence of objects in the script is constant: the order is
V6, Dual Stack, then V4 • V4 retrieval Dme is the benchmark against which the V6
retrieval Dme is measured
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Performance and Tunnels
V6 Unicast
6to4
Teredo
+4 Secs
+3 Secs
+2 Secs
+1 Sec
-1 Sec
0 Sec
22-May 19-June 17-July
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Comparison with RIPE data
39 http://albatross.ripe.net/v6-clientresolver/site_ncc/ Thanks to Emile Aben, RIPE NCC
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V6 Relative Performance • Retrieval Dmes for naDve V6 are the same as V4
– (or even a liNle beNer on average, which could be due to client-‐side sequencing of requests provided in the script)
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6to4 Relative Performance
• Auto-‐tunnel 6to4 adds an average of 0.6 seconds to the retrieval Dme – note this is one-‐way (as the server has a local 6to4 relay for the response
traffic, so the 6to4 response path is the same as the V4 path)
– that’s a very long transit Dme if this is just added transit Dme – so there may be a congesDon load delay added in here
• Are outbound 192.88.99.1 6to4 relays so sparsely deployed and so heavily overloaded that the average one way addiDonal delay is ~600ms? – RIPE NCC measure a ~300ms 6to4 delay over V4
– The higher relaDve delay in 6to4 could be aNributed to sparse deployment of 6to4 relays in the AP region
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Teredo Relative Performance
• Auto-‐tunnel Teredo V6 adds an average of 1 – 2 seconds to the retrieval Dme – that’s a really long addiDonal delay! – what is causing this significantly higher performance penalty?
The addiDonal delay here could be caused by the combinaDon of the Teredo setup phase, and the server’s use of a remote 2001::/32 relay server
For the next phase of this work we are looking at equipping the measurement server with a local 2001::/32 Teredo relay server to eliminate the relay server hop on the reverse path to the client
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V6 Performance
• Unicast V6 appears to be as fast as V4 • Auto-‐tunnel V6 does aNract some performance overheads – these are strongly context dependant – widespread deployment of 6to4 relays and Teredo relays and servers will help
– Dual Stack servers may want to consider using local 6to4 and Teredo relays to improve reverse path performance for auto-‐tunnelling clients
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Dual Stack Failure
How many clients retrieve the V4 only object but DON’T retrieve the Dual Stack objects?
i.e. how many clients exhibit “Dual Stack Failure”?
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Dual Stack Failure Rate
0.4%
0.8%
1.2%
1.6%
10-Apr 08-May 05-June 03-July 31-July 45
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Dual Stack Failure - Windows
0.4%
0.8%
1.2%
1.6%
10-Apr 08-May 05-June 03-July 31-July 46
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Dual Stack Failure
• One possible explanaDon of dual stack failure: IPv6 mis-‐configuraDon – The client can retrieve V4 objects – The client has a local V6 unicast address – When presented with a dual stack object the client will aNempt to use V6 to retrieve the object
– The V6 environment is misconfigured
– The client Dmes out on aNempDng to retrieve the V6 object, and does not aNempt to revert to V4.
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Dual Stack Failure
• Another possible explanaDon is user interrupDon – the script itself is loaded from a dual stack server, so the client was demonstrably able to perform a retrieval from a dual stack server
– So the failure on loading the dual stack object could be due to user reset of the client applicaDon
• No clear picture as yet on why we are seeing this kind of client behaviour
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Can you help?
• This data is collected by adding a small code fragment to your web site:
<script src="http://www.potaroo.net/linktest-js.php" type="text/javascript"></script>
• If you would like to assist us in this acDvity, please let us know: [email protected]
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Daily Reports
This is an on-‐going experiment which we will conDnue to operate throughout this transiDon
Daily Reports and the generated data sets are at:
hNp://www.potaroo.net/stats/1x1 50
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Thank You!
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