Earthwork�� Earthworks of highways.Earthworks�of�highways.�

� Earthwork�activities.� Earthwork�quantities�and�calculations.�

� Area�of�cross�sections.�� Determination�of�volume�of�earthworks�by�appropriate�methods.�

� The mass haul diagram� The�mass�haul�diagram.�� Determination�of�the�planned�movement�of�materials.�� Calculation�of�the�mean�haul�distance�and�the�corresponding�cost.

Earthwork�� Highways�involve�considerable�amount�of�earthwork.g y� Earthwork�is�simply�the�quantity�of�material�to�be�moved�or�put�in�place�to�convert�the�natural�condition�and�configuration�within�the�ROW�of�the�road�to�the�section�and�grades�described�in�the�plans.

� Classification�of�earthwork�operations� Clearing�and�grubbing� Excavation

� Roadway�and�drainage�excavation� Excavation�for�structures� Borrow�excavation