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New Developments in Pile Foundations
K. Rainer Massarsch
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Overview of Presentation
Auger Cast Piling (CFA) MethodRisk of Soil De-compressionMonitoring of Auger Cast Pile InstallationAuger Cast Pile with Expander Body Displacement Auger PilesVibrated Steel Piles with Expander BodySettlement-reducing Conical Concrete Nails
International DFI Conference – Stockholm 2014
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Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
Start of auger penetration
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Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
Auger penetrationSoil heave on ground surface
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Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
End of auger penetrationCompetent layer has been reached
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Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
Start of grouting processduring auger extraction
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Conventional Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
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Auger Cast Pile (CFA-pile)
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Small and Large Stem Auger
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Decompression due to low penetration speed
Stiff layer
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Decompression due to high extraction speed
Risk of necking
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Risk of Soil Decompression during Penetration
d l
D
vcrit
Volume of stem
Volume of stem and flight
Volume of pumped soil
Critical penetration rate
n
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Critical Penetration Speed – Soil De-compression
No de-compression
De-compression
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Monitoring of Pile Installation
PENETATION
• Pushing force• Penetration speed• Torque• Hydraulic
pressure
EXTRACTION
• Concrete pressure
• Concrete volume• Extraction speed
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Illistration of Installation Record
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Determination of Pile Penetration Resistance
From drilling parameters the actual soil resistance is determined.
This information is used to establish required depth of penetration
Required pile length
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Installation of Reinforcement
Placement of reinforcement can be critical for auger pile quality!
Single bar – cage – fibre concrete?
• Insertion procedure can damage borehole wall
• Full pile reinforcement may not be necessary
• Use straight reinforcement cage• For long piles: use guiding tube• Use vibrator if necessary• Large-stem piles facilitate
installation• Fibre concrete avoids problems
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Applications of Expander Body
Expander Body can be combined with
conventional piling methods:
• Vibrated steel tube pile
• Continuous flight auger pile (CFA)
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Pressuremeter Test
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Inflation of Expander Body
Expander Body similar to
Pressure Meter Test
Grout volume and inflation pressure are
measured
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After Expansion
TYPE LENTH DIAMETER TOE BEARING
AREA
SKIN AREA
VOLUME
m m mm2 mm2 m3
EB 610 1.0 0.6 0.28 1.43 0.21
EB 612 1.2 0.6 0.28 1.83 0.27
EB 615 1.5 0.6 0.28 2.38 0.36
EB 815 1.5 0.6 0.50 3.17 0.63
EB 820 2.0 0.8 0.50 4.42 0.88
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EB Grouting Recording
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Grouting Pressure and Grouting Volume, EB 600
Filling of EB
Expansion of EB
Soil displacement
Expansion pressure
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Post-grouting of Expander Body
Post-grouted Zone
Expander Body shortens during
inflation
Inflation of Expander
Body
Full expansion
of Expander Body
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Auger Cast Pile with Expander Body
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Advantages of CFE + EB
Reduced pile lengthKnown shape of pile baseRecompression of soil at and below pile basePost-grouting of pile base avoids soil de-
compression Reduce pile shaft diameterQuality monitoring and control
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Vibration Pile Test with Expander Body
Allermöhe, GermanyExpander
BodySteel tube piles12 and 16 m long
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Comparison Steel Tube Pile and Expander Body Pile
ExpanderBody
Steel tubepile
Medium dense sand
Loose sandOrganic layers
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Comparison Steel Tube Pile and Expander Body Pile
ExpanderBody
Steel tubepile
Medium dense sand
Loose sandOrganic layers
Steel tube pile
ExpanderBody
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Design of Bearing Capacity based on CPT
Swedish Design Recommendations
EB toe resistance: Sand: sBase = 0.5 qc < 5MPaSilt and clay: s Base = 1.0 qc
EB shaft resistance: sShaft = 0.005 qc<50 kPa
D
qc
D
3D
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Bearing Capacity from CPT Test
SHAFT RESISTANCE
TOE RESISTANCE
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Installation of Vibrated EB Pile
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Pile Test Loading
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Steel Tube Pile vs. Expander Body
Pile length: 12 m
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Advantages of Vibrated Steel pile with EB in Friction Soils
Quick and environmentally-friendly installation
End-driving to “set” not required as EB compresses soil
Known shape of pile basePost-grouting of pile base avoids soil de-
compression Quality monitoring and control
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Gewerbehof Halle, Germany
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Vibrated Conical Nails – Halle Business Center, Germany
Difficult ground conditions with variable fill material
Installation close to existing buildingConical concrete nails vibrated to 9 m depthHigh driving frequency (38 Hz)Vibro-compaction at end of nail installationLoad testing of concrete nail capacity
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Settlement Reduction by vibrated Concrete Nails
Alternative foundation
solution to stone columns or piles
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Cone Penetration Test, CPT
Cone Resistance, MPa
Friction Ratio, %
De
pth
, m
Mixed fill
Dense sand
Stiff clay and
lignite
Medium dense sand
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Design Concept of Conical Nail Foundation
Determine settlement of unimproved ground using tangent modulus method
Are the calculate settlements acceptable? Calculate load which corresponds to acceptable
settlement Calculate the excess load to be supported by conical
nails Determine the number and distribution of conical nails
This design approach achieves load-sharing with nail safety factor FS =1.0!
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Load from Surface Foundation
Increasedconfiningstress aroundnails
Q
Load fromnails
Load fromfooting
2
1
Load from Footing
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Load-sharing between Surface Foundation and
Concrete Nails
Increasedconfiningstress aroundnails
Q
Load fromnails
Load fromfooting
Load from Concrete
Nails
Load from Footing
Factor of Safety of Concrete Nails
Fs = 1.0
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Ground Vibrations During Vibratory Pile Driving
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Variable Frequency Vibrator
NO ECCENTRIC MOMENT DURING START-UP AND
SHUT-DOWN OF VIBRATOR
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Variable Frequency Vibrator
STRONG VIBRATIONS DURING DRIVING PHASE
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Avoids resonance peaks of ground vibrations!
Resonance-free driving
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Conical Concrete Nails
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VIBRATION-MONITORING
INSIDE BUILDING
ELECTRONIC PROCESS CONTROL
VIBRATOR MS100
VIBRATION MONITORING
UNIT
CONCRETENAIL
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Monitoring Resonance Compaction
Geophone
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Installation of Concrete Nail
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Frequency vs. Ground Response
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
FREEQUENCY, Hz
VE
RT
ICA
L P
AR
TIC
LE
VE
LO
CIT
Y, m
m/s
ResonanceFrequency
Penetration Frequency
Extraction
Frequency
Penetration
Frequency
Compaction
Frequency
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0
100
200
300
400
14:22:26 14:23:18 14:24:10 14:25:02
Time, hrs:min:sec
Pressure, bar
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency, HzDepth, m
Velocity mm/s
Pressure bar Frequency Hz
Depth m Geo z mm/s
Example of Compaction Monitoring
Pressure MPa
Pressure MPa
40
30
20
10
Time h:m:s
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Concrete Nails after Installation
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Load Test of Concrete Nail and Steel Tube Pile
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0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
0 50 100 150 250 300 350
LOAD, kN
DE
FO
RM
AT
ION
, mm
Steel tube
Concrete Nail
Results of Loading Test
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Advantages of Vibrated Concrete Nails
Can be installed efficiently in most soils by vibrator
Conical shape and small toe reduces driving resistance
Conical shape increases soil compactionConical shape provides high lateral
resistance near ground surfaceKnown shape and material properties
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Thank you!